Project Planning and Project Management - 1752 Words

CC5001 Project Planning and Project Management 2014-15 Coursework Report Structure The report structure relates to the scenario described and previously published; you are asked to plan (but not implement) a project for the CROSTIE and SCIRITUR systems for client James Chambers, MD of CCRS Ltd. You should prepare a report, addressing all sections and maintaining the sequence given below. Guidelines (which MUST NOT be exceeded, if it is exceeded marks WILL be deducted) for the maximum length of each section are specified; answers shorter than this that deal with the required issues are acceptable. The text should be in font size 12 (no smaller) and preferably Arial, although headings and sub-headings may be in a larger font, no more†¦show more content†¦(Maximum 2 pages) Section 2: Risk (5 marks) This section examines risk factors associated with the project. Consider the following risk, identify possible approaches to dealing with the risk, identify the appropriate impact and category of risk, and describe how you would propose to manage each risk if it occurred during the implementation stage of your project, including any containment action or contingency plan. It is not necessary to perform risk calculations here. The delivery of PCs and related equipment you have ordered for the client has been delayed; the supplier has stated that it might take another 8 weeks before it can be delivered. (Maximum 1 page) Section 3: Costings and resources (15 marks) What are the costings and resources associated with the project (including the resources available at no extra cost to the project)? Itemise each costing, showing when the expenditure would be incurred, and indicate whether this within the budget. Planned expenditure figures may be shown on a month-by-month basis, or in the form of a table. 3.1. Staff Staff recruited to work on the project team 3.2. Equipment Equipment required for development and delivery of the new system 3.3. Consumables Materials needed during the course of the project 3.4. Other resources Any other resources required for the project 3.5. Contingencies Funds set aside to deal with riskShow MoreRelatedproject planning and management1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes project management apply to Adventures Unlimited? Each tour established by Adventures Unlimited could be considered as a single project. Each tour has the destination, and is not routine and repetitive. The project begins when the consumer and Adventures Unlimited reach the same agreement, and ends when the consumer goes back. Each tour is unique and never been taken before. That is to say, each tour has the specific time, cost, and performance requirements. The tour, as one project, canRead MoreProject Management : Project Planning Fundamentals1213 Words   |  5 PagesThese have brought very effective changes to project management.project management includes implementing,controlling,goals and identifying tasks which are to be achieved.the concept of the project and project management involves project evaluation,project selection,project planning fundamentals.project cost control and scheduling of a project in critical methom(cpm) which are crucial to technology-intensive organizations which have been discussed.a project is a sequence structure that are connectedRead MoreRationale For Project Planning : Project Management1669 Words   |  7 Pages1. Rationale for Project Planning The purpose of project planning is to define major task and estimate resources and times necessary to provide an outline for management review and control. A successful project depends on thorough planning that is done before projects commence. There are several stages to planning a project the first is research as a project manager/Team a brief is usually given and the vital information about the project will be in the brief, so as a team it is important to readRead MoreProject Planning : The Third Phase Of Project Management935 Words   |  4 PagesProject definition and planning: Project planning is the second stage of the management phase and is an important part of good management practices. The planning includes defining tasks, writing documents and allocating jobs to project members. The documentation planning includes creating descriptions of required tasks and then submitting papers which outlines the job. The author Esposito (2015), suggests that, â€Å"Documents that are created during this time may include the: SCOPE Statement, a CommunicationsRead MoreProject Management : Planning And Guiding Project Process1939 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Project management Project management is a methodical approach to planning and guiding project processes from start to finish. According to the Project Management Institute, the processes are guided through five stages: initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and closing. Project management can be applied to almost any type of project and is widely used to control the complex processes of software development projects (Rouse, 2008). Project procurement Project procurement management is aboutRead MoreProject Planning And Time Management1389 Words   |  6 PagesProject Plan 1. Introduction Among the major factors involved in the successful completion of a PhD programme are project planning and time management. Therefore, defining and clarifying the scope and objectives of a project and breaking down the work into tasks and subtasks are crucial in order to achieve the set objectives, assess the projected timing and duration and prioritise key tasks with regard to importance and urgency. Frequent monitoring of progress against the plan constitute an essentialRead MoreProject Management : Planning And Scheduling1039 Words   |  5 PagesPlanning is always helpful for any project even its small or big project. A project without planning has negative impact on their result. Proper planning will consider all task before implementing them into business and can give idea about all possibilities. It can help to break big task into small task and make process smoother. Planning is helping project manager to use their past knowledge in future project. Project planning is the pro cess where project manager decide all the steps to implementRead MorePlanning: Project Management Software2086 Words   |  9 PagesChapter 1 : Introduction to Project Management Disscussion Question 1. Briefly describe some key events in the history of project management. What role does the Project Management Institute and other professional societies play in helping the profession? Key events: ââ€" ª Manhattan Project which the U.S. military led to develop the atomic bomb. Costs almost $2 billion in 1946. ââ€" ª New Los Alamos laboratory 1946,project management was recognized as a distinctRead MoreTourism Planning and Project Management1979 Words   |  8 Pagesprogram, the operation will tie in the price of the surfing vacation with the weather situation. For example, better weather for surfing conditions (waves, temperature, sunny days, etc.) will command a higher price. This is a new and quite risky project that requires analysis prior to implementation. Risks As with any new venture, there are a number of risks associated with an as yet untried marketing proposal. The travel industry itself is complex, with a number of stakeholders that must comeRead MoreComparing Project Management and Scenario Planning1011 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Header: Project Management and Scenario Planning Comparing Project Management and Scenario Planning Business Management and Leadership IP2 January 17, 2010 Managers are the driving forces of an organization they have five functions organizing, planning, staffing, directing and controlling. A manager role is to achieve effective utilization of resources in an organization. Managers have a major role in the decision making process, he has to know how to communicate in bring changes

The United States Of The Declaration Of Independence

Through out history there have been many men and women who helped to shape and sculpt the foundation of American culture, and government. One group of people that took the lead on creating one of the first official American documents was the founding fathers. These men signed the Declaration of Independence from England in 1776. They were a group of very strong and independent men who were interested in the future of the country and its ability to stand on its own. Some of the most important men who signed the Declaration of Independence include: George Washington, John Adams, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The founding fathers were a group of men who were sick and tired of the abuse and mistreatment of the British soldiers in the 1700’s. There were times when soldiers would come in to homes and take the food of the innocent and threaten the families if the family was not readily complying with any demand of the military forces. It was a scary time for civilians in the 1700’s and many of them had enough of the act of living in fear every day. It was at that time when the relationship had weakened to the point of rebellion that they founding fathers gathered and deliberated about what was to be said in the Declaration of Independence. In this document, the founding fathers outlined the way that a government should never treat its people, and the rights of the American citizens. The document states that the governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence By The United States1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe setting of the Declaration of Independence was the United Sta tes. It was declared on July 4, 1776. After the Boston tea party rebellion the United states wanted their independence. One will describe why the declaration of independence was written. What lead to the cause for writing such a document. The leaders who wrote the declaration. And what the colony was going through for it to lead to the circumstances. One will look at how England was treating the colonies that made them want to be theirRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States895 Words   |  4 Pageswere originally drafted. The U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptist Church are three documents that are still hold relevance in today’s societal discussions. These three documents hold truths, principals and ideologies that were and are crucial to the continuation and the development of the United States. The very ideas and tribulations that led to the development of the United States a re expressed loudly in these three documents. WhileRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States897 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence stated the United States should be established as a country, free from British control, the U.S. Constitution is a set of rules for that nation to follow, and Mark Twain’s As Regards Patriotism examines how these two documents affect the mindset of this country. Groupthink, not a word use in 1900, when Twain penned his essay, but it is a good analogy of what he was discussing. Psychology Today says, â€Å"Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and coherenceRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : The United States1552 Words   |  7 Pageshappiness. This however was not always the case for the United States. It was once ruled by King George III, and the American people were under the control of the British Parliament. It is what the founding fathers of our country fought for, that made it p ossible for the United States to be what our country is today. This was only possible by their bravery and the creation of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was a document that was written by Thomas Jefferson, whoRead MoreThe United States Of The Declaration Of Independence1404 Words   |  6 PagesOn July 4th, 1776 the American Colonists ratified The Declaration of Independence. This Declaration severed their final ties to England and idealized the formation of an equal society, independent of a corrupted centralized government like that of Britain. In order to accomplish this perfect nation, the Americans followed the Declaration with the creation of The Articles of Confederation. The Confederation s purpose was to guide the young republic to a decentralized government that upheld theRead MoreThe United States Declaration Of Independence836 Words   |  4 Pages The United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 expressed that all men are created equal, whose unalienable rights include life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness (The United States National Archives Records Administration, n.d.). Life is the sequence of physical and mental experiences that make up the existence of an individual (Merriam-Webster, 2015). That is to say, the barometer of the wellness and health of a person should include both his biological and psychological/behavioralRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence is the most imperative and most seasoned report in the United State History. The Declaration was drafted and marked to report our Declaration Of Independence from Great Britain, by saying, â€Å" The United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection betw een them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free andRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States1844 Words   |  8 Pages The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2. A committeeRead MoreThe United States And The Declaration Of Independence Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesTo continue Jefferson shows these same qualities of independence in the declaration of independence. He wanted the United States to have the freedom to govern itself. According to the author, â€Å"I set out on this ground which I suppose to be self-evident, that the earth belongs in usufruct to the living... We seem not to perceive that, by the law of nature, one generation is to another as one independent nation is to another†¦ The earth belongs always to the living generations,† (Jefferson 5). WhatRead MoreThe United States Declaration Of Independence1802 Words   |  8 PagesVirginia Convention instructs its Continental Congress delegation to propose a resolution of independence from Great Britain, paving the way for the United States Declaration of Independence. Also, in 1793 Diego Marà ­n Aguilera flies a glider for about 360 meters, at a height of 5–6 meters, during one of the first attempted manned flights. And in 1817 the first private mental health hospital in the United States, the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason (now Friends Hospital)

Tom Brennan the Prologue free essay sample

‘Sounds of feet shuffling along the concrete’ – sensory imagery. ‘Past the ugly words that told us we were no longer wanted’ – negative connotation ‘Silhouettes of houses slipped past before I could catch them’ – personification + alliteration ‘Down, down we glided in silence’ – repetition [giving a sense of downfall in their life + highlighting the sense of secrecy and contact] ‘I pushed our Ford Falcon station wagon out of the garage’- forced to leave To be able to identify how tom Brennan moves into the world throughout the novel, it is necessary to establish a starting point or a beginning of where his journey commences. JC Bourke utilizes a writing technique whereby the story she tells commences with a prologue. The purpose of this prologue establishes a family, that being Tom Brennan’s family in an obviously dramatic situation where it seems where it seems they have been forced to leave their home. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Brennan the Prologue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The composer establishes a serious negative tone by establishing time and place of ‘4:30 am 23rd of January leaving their house for the last time’. The secrecy of this situation is reinforced with the description of the ‘near dawns silence’. They had to leave their house in a car being pushed out of the garage so nobody could hear them as they glided in silence. Bourke’s use or specific nouns such as ‘ugly words’ and ‘Daniels whine’ again reinforces the negative situation they’re in by using first person narration and a reference to himself in the third person establishes a very personal perspective of the story. This allows us to identify how Tom evolves, matures and transitions into the world throughout the novel.? Toms involvement and transition into a new world, is heavily emphasized in the concluding pages of chapter five. JC Bourke approaches this aspect of the story with a continuation of a non-linear approach with very effective use of flashbacks, juxtaposition of imagery, irony and Tom’s self-realization of his world changing forever.

U2 3D free essay sample

Since the 1980s, U2 have been regarded as one of the worlds finest and most unique live bands. With an unmistakable sound that blends soaring melodies and high-tech sound effects with the theatrical energy of lead singer Bono, they have long boasted a larger-than-life worthy of their massive audiences. Although several live recordings and concert films have previously captured the band doing what they do best, none of these has gone as far toward capturing the feeling of being at a U2 concert as the innovative new concert film U2 32. Filmed at several shows during the Latin American leg of U2s recent Vertigo tour, U2 3D takes advantage of state-of-the-art 3D technology to put the viewer in the center of the shoulder-to-shoulder, manically enthusiastic crowds. The film plays only in specially equipped theaters with 3D capability, including numerous IMAX auditoriums, which provide the most dramatic viewing experience. Special visual effects, which make the band members and their instruments seem to protrude from the screen, are impressively realistic, even if they are occasionally superfluous or used to highlight Bonos regrettable bird imitation. We will write a custom essay sample on U2 3D or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More important than the 3D visual plane is the exceptional clarity of the audio and video content, which allows the film to approach the live experience as closely as any concert document in the history of the format. Directors Catherine Owens and Mark Pellington also deserve praise for capturing the grandeur of the show from a variety of interesting and well-planned camera angles. U2 is among the very few bands whose live show has expanded beyond the traditional stage, with elevated boardwalks allowing the musicians to literally walk into the sea of adoring fans. This freedom of movement for the band undoubtedly posed an unusual challenge the film crew, one that was gracefully surmounted by expert camera work and production. As for the performance itself, U2 delivers its stadium-conquering anthems with as much gusto as ever. The band plays as an exceptionally tight unit, exhibiting the kind of natural dynamic that comes with many years of playing with the same group. Indeed, they have not so much aged as they have matured, building confidence in an environment which most younger bands would find intimidating. The band serves up a selection of its best-loved songs from every phase of its career, ranging from early gems like â€Å"New Years Day† and â€Å"Pride (In The Name Of Love)† to new material such as â€Å"Love And Peace Or Else† and the hit single â€Å"Vertigo,† which thrives in a live setting far more than it did on the recording. The focus is, appropriately, on the bands most rousing stadium anthems, favoring reliable showstoppers such as â€Å"Sunday Bloody Sunday† over the more experimental sounds that dominated much of U2s 90s output. Over the rock-solid core of drummer Larry Mullen Jr. and bassist Adam Clayton, guitarist The Edge once again proves himself worthy of his pseudonym. Known for his distinctive style, which relies heavily on carefully tuned echo and reverb to produce his signature â€Å"ringing† tone, The Edge makes good on his stated philosophy that the guitarist should be subservient to the music as a whole, not overly eager to show off his acrobatic finger speed or to dominate the band with shear volume. Perhaps this explains how he has miraculously managed to remain at the cutting â€Å"edge† of his art for over two decades. Bono, as usual, is a powerhouse of impassioned vocals and stage antics. Although his upper vocal range is finally beginning to show minimal wear, Bono is still one of the most engaging and impressive frontmen in rock n roll. With body language and vocal phrasing that perfectly match the character of each song, Bono exudes emotion and a genuine sense that he cares deeply about his music and about his fans. Bono also cares deeply about promoting human rights and well-being throughout the world, and has no qualms about using the concert venue as a forum to express these views. Depending on whom you ask, this can either add to or detract from the overall experience of U2s concerts. Bonos political and humanitarian messages play into the bands performance in ways that range from the subtle (Bono dons a headband that reads â€Å"Coexist† to promote harmony among people of different faiths) to the imposing (the show stops after the band plays â€Å"Miss Sarajevo,† while the Universal Declaration of Human Rights scrolls across the video screens and is read aloud by computerized voices). While it would be easy to condemn these elements as pretentious and tangential to the purpose of a rock concert, its better to think of U2s concerts as Bono seems to conceive them: as an experience that centers on music but transcends it, using songs as a vehicle to express a sweeping world view and promote a feeling of mass fraternity. Its no coincidence that a growing number of progressive churches have begun to incorporate U2s songs into their liturgy. In truth, Bono is a sort of non-denominational clergyman who preaches universal love and the dignity of mankind. And, judging by the crowd reactions captured in U2 3D, his bands concerts can approach the level of a religious experience for millions of devout followers. Ultimately, U2 3D makes the case for Bono as more than a rock star and U2 as more than a band. Perhaps more than any other group in the history of popular music, they have turned their masterful songs and passionate performances into a movement for peaceful revolution in human interaction. It is this spirit that has stayed with U2 for over a quarter century, making them one of the most influential and continually vital bands on the planet. In short, it is only fitting that their new concert film should be so different from all those that came before it in virtually every sense.

Anna In The Tropics Essays

Anna In The Tropics Essays Anna In The Tropics Essay Anna In The Tropics Essay The production of Anna in the Tropics generated many different themes throughout the play, however there was one theme that caught my attention and was supported much throughout the play. The theme identified most was the decision to solve issues with reason or to lower oneself to react in a violent matter, and allow evil to prevail. With many themes being prevalent, violence versus reason was communicated by the lighting of the play. The sighting designer, Mary Keenan, was able to use different lighting effects to help the audience better understand the message that was being delivered on stage. Dont think I ever realized before how essential lighting was in theater, until I put my attention on it. When reason was occurring, the lighting was more whitish-bluefish tint, and when the violence took place, the lighting changed to a more darkening of the stage. From the opening scene, with the lights coming on, till the last scene, when the stage went dark, lighting was important to help clarify the theme. Prior to this performance viewed lighting as a tool for making the stage visible for the audience to see and guy with a headset standing on a balcony maintaining a spotlight on the main character. However, after seeing Anna in the Tropics and becoming a more active audience member, I realized that my previous view was wrong. Lighting does much more than just light the Stage, and keep a spotlight on a character. It controls the mood and for this production the theme of the play. The theme that captured my attention was making decisions with reason or lashing out and using violence to solve robbers. Keenan does a good job from the opening scene in using lighting to help exemplify this theme. In the opening scene when Check and Santiago are attending the sock fights the lighting of the scene is a dark reddish brown; the cockfights are a symbol violence winning. Santiago continues to gamble even though he has no more money and has to borrow money from Check. Santiago is not using reason in just walking away from his losses but instead he rationally borrows money from Check to keep gambling on the violent cockfights. The dim lighting of this scene gives it a dark cold feeling. This is even more supported when the other scene that is occurring simultaneously is filled with bright lighting. When the scene transfers over to the awaiting of Juan Sultans arrival, the dim reddish brown lighting is quickly changed to a bright bluish white light shining on Marvel, Offline, and Contain. The changing in lighting, changes the audiences mood towards the scene. The elector is a symbol Of reason. Throughout the play, the audience sees the lack Of hostility Tijuana Julian presents. He is the voice of reason. That is why when Juan Julian is on stage, or talking, the lighting that accompanies him is usually that of brightness. It is not until his fateful death where we see darkness overshadow the brightness that he has brought to the dark stage. Another important scene is when Check takes advantage of Marvel. Check chose violence to solve his problem. Check was very depressed over his wife leaving him for the previous elector. Check makes advances towards Marvel who denies him. Marvel is fascinated with Juan Julian, and seeks his affection. This angers Check that once again a elector has come and gained he attention of the woman he desires. When his last attempt to make a pass at Marvel fails he results to violence. The lighting of this scene supports his quick transition from reason to violence. While making passes at Marvel and trying to win her approval the lighting of the stage is usually of normal brightness, setting the mood as calm. However, when Check chooses a violent approach in his rape of Marvel, the lighting of the stage quickly changes to a redness followed by a complete black out of the stage. The final scene of the play is also very important to the theme of the play. Check had continuously attempted to remove Juan Julian as the elector and eliminate the elector position all together. Check tries to modernize the factory by bringing in machines which would better the company, and raise amount of cigars manufactured. However, with the machines comes the elimination of the elector, because he cannot be heard over the loud operating machines. During this scene the lighting is clear and normal, with a bright white spotlight being directed on Check. This lighting presents the use of reason to solve the problem at hand. However, after his proposal is denied by the rest of the workers he turns to violence to end his hatred towards not only Juan Julian, but what the position of elector reminds him of; the loss of the love his life. In the last scene when Check appears on stage with gun in hand and shoots Juan Julian the lighting changes drastically. It goes from normal Stage lighting to darkness over the stage. Though a bright light still remains on Juan Julian because he is the voice of reason, and even though violence has prevailed over reason this time, the bright light that remains castes on Juan Julian represents that reason in the end will always prevail over the darkness of violence. Before taking a different viewing approach of the play, did not realize how much lighting helped support the theme of making decisions with reason or allowing violence to overcome you. Lighting sets the mood for the audience throughout much of the play and helps support the theme. The reason this play is important for the audience to watch is because every day we are presented with problems in life, and we make decisions on how to react to his issues we face. We have the choice to act calmly and reasonably or to let violence overcome us and make poor decisions. There is no lighting in real life that is going to help us to identify which choice to make. So by watching this play the audience learns that though reason might not work the first time, resulting to violence only leads to more issues at hand and causes darkness in ones life. The only way to eliminate the darkness is by allowing reason to overcome the evil and brighten the darkness that the problems have created.

Make your job less annoying tips from Googles former head of HR

Make your job less annoying tips from Googles former head of HR Those of us who have been in the workforce for a while have all come to one inevitable, unavoidable conclusion- no job is perfect. No matter how much- or how little- we like our current positions and workplaces, there are undoubtedly a few things (or many things) that we simply wish were different, and somehow less aggravating and frustrating. And the more time we spend at a job, the more every little minor issue or hassle begins to feel like a monumentally annoying pain that we just can’t seem to avoid or escape. Does all of this mean that each of us is doomed to have to endure every single exasperating and irksome thing about our jobs and simply accept that fact that they suck? Not exactly. In fact, there are some real strategies that you can deploy to make your job more bearable. In fact, Google’s former SVP of People Operations, Laszlo Bock, recently acknowledged at an SHRM Conference that although work can sometimes be a drag no matter what job or industry you†™re employed in, there are ways to effect positive and lasting change.Consider using the following strategies in an effort to make your work life a little less lame.Try to ensure your job has meaning for you.Sure, your job already means a paycheck and a place to keep you busy and occupied during your work shifts, but if you want your job not to suck (and better still, if you want to actually look forward to the idea of working) you should try to find new and improved meaning in your work. Step back and think about your job from a fresh perspective.Ask yourself the following questions: Are there elements of your job that you’re particularly proud of, no matter how small? Do you do anything that helps others? Do you contribute to your greater community? Try to find new meaning and purpose in your work, and it’ll help refresh and renew your attitude and enthusiasm for your job.Seek out fulfilling work relationships.For most of us, we interact with the people we work wit h, as much as- or even more than- our friends and family, so it’s hard to ignore the fact that these folks are a significant part of our lives. Therefore, your attitude toward your workplace can be greatly affected by your relationships with your colleagues. If you have satisfying and enjoyable connections with your professional peers, chances are you’ll look forward to coming into work and interacting with them each day- whether on projects or at the water cooler.Conversely, if your relationships with your colleagues is nonexistent, lackluster, or worse, you’ll likely dread having to come into work to interact with them all day. The truth is, very few of us work completely alone, so make an effort to get along with your coworkers and you’ll help ensure that you’ll have an enjoyable and pleasant workplace to go to every day.Plan for the future.No one likes to feel that they’re facing a dead end- in life or in work. We should always approach our professional lives as a never-ending journey, not a single destination. If you make it a point to always have a plan for career growth, learning new skills, and expanding your professional horizons, you’ll be able to avoid burnout and resist the static and stuck feelings that make most of us begin to hate our jobs over time.Consider developing short-term (one year) and long-term (five years) plans for professional growth, and it will provide you with a roadmap for exciting personal exploration, confronting new challenges, and reaching new levels of success.If your work life is less than satisfying, use the strategies provided here to turn things around and discover new meaning and purpose in your work. It’s important to both you and your organization that you stay engaged in the long run. The key is to make the best of the situation you’re in- create an environment in which you can thrive and hold on to the skills you’re acquiring to make you a produc tive member of your chosen field.

Personal statement for dental school applicaiton

For dental school applicaiton - Personal Statement Example I would usually visualize doing medical services which matters a lot to people, especially those who are in need of treatment and care. Although I was not able to initially pursue a health care degree in college, I was still very much devoted to work with other people by taking up Hospitality and Hotel Management at the University of Central Florida. I believe that this background have strongly enhanced my capacity to understand the needs of other people. I was able to hone my skills in dealing and providing services and care to them by learning more about hospitality management. Soon after, I met my husband who graduated from a dental school in Florida six years ago. He was already an established dentist back then when his passion for dentistry sparked my interest in the field. My husband acquainted me about the dental profession and this enabled me to understand his love for the practice. Through him, my dreams of providing care and treatment to others all came back to me. I was able to observe him perform checkups, root canals, and even cosmetic procedures so dexterously done that I thought he was like an artist with his dental tools. I was so inspired by my husband’s dental profession that I eventually started studying dental hygiene at (name of school) on (year). Because of this, I was able to learn and understand the great importance in oral health care for every individual. Under the shadow of my dentist husband, I learned various practices and modern techniques in dental procedures such as pain reduction, root canal therapy, dental implants, and cosmetic dentistry. I saw the advantages of having my husband around because he helped in learning more about dental procedures. I developed a stronger bond with my husband as we share each other’s experiences in the study and practice of dental care. As a result, I was able to excel in the field of dental hygiene – an achievement which encouraged me to take a bold step by applying for dentistry at

Ancient art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient art - Essay Example The statues being both Roman replicas represent goddesses. Aphrodite is most probably an amulet; protector of women and marriage in Syria and Egypt, many wedding contracts in the first centuries CE included a small statue as part of dowry. The statue being entirely nude provides the pretext for observation of the female body, the perfect body of a goddess for that matter. She wears only gold bracelets and is about to remove her sandal leaning on a pillar. Holding either an apple or a ball of makeup in her hand she is gracefully leaning to depict the balance and elegance of the goddess Aphrodite and the beauty of her naked body. Being a gift prior to marriage the statue represents the beauty and charm of the female body and might be considered a charm of reproduction for healthy and beautiful babies. Tyche, being the goddess of good fortune and strongly tied to Antioch is the protector of the city. Gracefully sited on a rock with crossed legs and a crown of crenulated towers to represent the city walls she is dressed with a lavish drapery, a symbol of abundance. She is holding a sheaf of corn in her right hand to symbolise wealth and welfare. The sculpture is thought to have been created for the celebration of the city of Antioch besides the river Orontes in the third century BCE.

Traditional Institution Essay Example for Free

Traditional Institution Essay Education has evolved tremendously over the past centuries. With its history deeply rooted in the need for one to gain as much knowledge and insight into everything that surrounds and interests him, we can say that there is no person on this planet who does not want to have a solid educational foundation. Unfortunately, life is not easy and survival is a priority for most people. This is why when the choice boils down to work or completing an education, work usually wins out. But, with the advent of the internet and along with it, the emergence of high quality distance education, one no longer has to make the difficult choice between work and studies. Now, everybody has the option to do both. Such an opportunity did not exist during the era when attending traditional educational institutions was the only acceptable method of earning a college degree. To begin with, distance education proves to be the less stressful alternative to attending a regular university. Due to the fact that distance learning institutions are available online, a student can access his classes at his most convenient time during the week. I can personally attest to the way my student needs have been very well served by distance education. For instance, it has removed the hassles that I experienced while attending a traditional institution. I no longer have to leave work as early as possible, drive through traffic, find a parking spot, and then run to class before the final bell rings. Now, all I have to do is drive home after my designated work hours, have a good meal, rest and relax, before finally turning on my computer and logging into my open schedule classes. Indeed, distance education has changed the way I view the completion of a college education. These days, when I hear or meet someone who has not managed to complete his degree because of â€Å"work† or â€Å"family† related reasons, I immediately point out to the person that if he really wants to, there is no reason for him to not complete his degree. I believe that is precisely because of those flimsy excuses that distance education was invented and made to be so convenient for anybody to attend. Distance education has also allowed me to access a finite amount of information regarding my lessons because of the readily available internet access during class hours. I find that because of the vast array of knowledge and information available to me with just a few taps of my fingertips, I am able to ask proper and pertinent questions of my lecturer. I also have the benefit of being able to present my own findings during class discussions that help provide for a wider range of discussion between the online student and the lecturer. In a traditional institution, such would not be possible because the discussion will be limited to the textbooks provided for use in the class. In contrast to a traditional institution, distance education allows me to expand my horizons beyond the classroom setting. I have had people trying to convince me that distance education learning is not a conducive way to study because a distance education student is on his own during class. They believe it removes the social interactivity that is always present when attending regular classes at a regular school. As this is the very activity that makes school fun for most people, I am often asked if I do not miss having classmates to talk to and hang out with before and after class. Do I not look for people to compare notes and exam results with? Indeed, these are experiences that make traditional education unique. But these days, people have to mix education and work more than half the time. It is a very delicate balance that has to be achieved by simply concentrating on the most important aspect of education, that is learning. From personal experience, I find that I learn more from the distance education process because I am free from the typical classroom distractions such as classmates who insist on chatting while the class is ongoing, the rude interruptions caused by the entrance of a classmate who is late for class, or the noise from the hallway that seeps in when the door to the classroom is accidentally left open. I am able to concentrate on my task of learning more through distance education because the only worry I have is if there is a blackout in my area and my laptop battery does not hold out until the online class ends. As for interaction between the teacher and the student, I find that I do not need to be in the physical presence of my classmates or teacher in order to learn. Distance classes work the same way as regular classes and, in the event that the professor requires an oral interaction with the students, we simply turn on our web cams and plug in the microphone and viola! We have a simile of physical classroom interaction. Due to the aforementioned reasons, I am of the firm belief that distance education makes more practical sense than that of attending a traditional educational institution. Technology of the 21st century has eliminated the need for people like me, who do not have much time to spend during the day attending classes, to attend a regular school. I can get the very same, if not even more advanced education through distance education. I have come to the realization that distance education is the best, stress free way of completing a college degree. Now, I am able to learn at my own pace and without spending too much on the incidental fees such as transportation and student fees that makes attending a traditional educational institution so expensive. I used to think that there was no way I would be able to complete my college education because I have a family to maintain and a job to keep, distance education offered me an opportunity to achieve my dream of completing my education without sacrificing my family or my job. At the end of everything, I see no reason to choose a traditional educational institution just because it allows for interaction between teachers and students. If that is the only reason to choose a traditional educational institution over distance education, I say that tradition has a lot of catching up to do with regards to the educational needs of the modern man. Prewriting Main Points: 1. Distance education is less stressful for the student because of the open schedule 2. Distance education allows undergraduates and high school graduates to complete a college education without having to quit their regular jobs. 3. Allows for more freedom in the learning process. 4. It gets boring and lonely to attend distance education classes.

Lack of Morals and Ethics in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Lack of Morals and Ethics in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of a person's personality is derived from his or her parents or the people with whom they live.   One's behaviors are a reflection of his or her up bringing.   All actions of others in one's environment have an impact in one's behaviors.   That is especially true of parent's influence on a child.   Nearly all morals and ethics are learned from parents. Sociologists have indicated that as time progresses American ethics have decayed immensely.   Parents in America have become more lax with their children, and the strictly enforced code of ethics seems to have diminished.   Arthur Miller's play, Death of a Salesman, portrays the consequences of the laxity of parents with regards to ethics through the relationship of Willy Loman and his two sons, Biff and Happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than having played a positive role model for his sons Willy Loman, established a poor standard of morality.   For example, when Biff was in high school he was the star of the football team.   One afternoon he stole a football from the locker room.   When Willy became cognizant of Biff's actions, Wily did not punish Biff.   Instead, he told Biff that the coach was likely to congratulate Biff for his show of initiative (29, 30). Similarly, at another point in the play Biff and Happy stole lumber from a nearby construction site.   Instead of teaching the boys a lesson in ethics Willy was proud of his sons.   In fact, he bragged about the amount of construction materials the two stole (50, 51).   Willy allowed the boys to steal, which could be considered an immoral act, worse yet, Willy's praise for their actions prohibited Biff and Happy from knowing stealing was an immoral act.   Studies have shown that at a very young age children were extremely impressionable.   Teaching the difference between right and wrong would give hope for a moral future.   In the play there was little hope for Biff and Happy because Willy continued to show poor standards of morality in a positive light.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to stealing, being dishonest also surfaces as an unethical behavior that was practiced and thus promoted by Willy Loman. Willy was a salesman who had a rocky past few months.

The Importance of Civil Disobedience

Gandhi, Martin Luther King Junior, Rosa Parks, Cesar Chavez. Each of these people were leaders and role models to different civil rights movements. However, they all share similar views on how society should react to oppression. The motive behind each and every protest in American History is civil disobedience, an idea thought up by Thoreau while he spent the night in jail, due to tax evasion. He believed â€Å"that government is best which governs least. †1 His revolutionary idea weaved its way into the fabric of American life. As free people, we see it as our right to protest any laws we see unjust. In a society which controls, the need to rebel will always be present. This theme is abundant throughout the many different time periods in The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail. Early American newspapers were often opinion based. These articles slowly became less and less fond of the King and his laws. For example, the Pennsylvania Gazette contains many articles pertaining to the injustice of the stamp act. This particular paper contains a segment from a meeting with the Sons of Liberty. The first point states, â€Å"we will cheerfully, to the utmost of our power, defend all of our just rights and privileges, as they have always been heretofore allowed us†2. The Sons of Liberty make it clear to the public that no injustices will go unnoticed. The paper continues, â€Å"that we will oppose all attempts to deprive us of our rights and privileges as Englishmen. And therefore will at all events oppose the operation of that defeatable thing called the Stamp Act, in this colony†3 This article is one of the first to take a stand against oppression. The Sons of Liberty published many columns similar to this one in papers throughout the colonies. Although these articles may seem aggressive the motive is still passive. â€Å"That we will, in all cases, behave ourselves peaceably as far as our influence extends, weill preserve the public peace†¦ †4 They are recognized as pioneers in the field of civil disobedience. Thoreau can be thought of as the father of civil disobedience, turning what was once a bloodbath for power into a peaceful yet effective plan for change. In all of his writing it is clear that Thoreau is not fond of American government, or any other government. Henry Thoreau once said, â€Å"any fool can make a rule, and any fool will mind it†5. This quote summarizes how Thoreau felt about politics. It is frustrating how one fool can pass a law which effects everybody, however what Henry could not stand, is how the majority of people would stand by and let it happen. Anyone who has studied Thoreau would know that his biggest pet peeves are the government and conformity. He believed that â€Å"disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves†6. As Americans, we deserve the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The dictionary definition of liberty is â€Å"freedom from arbitrary or despotic government or control. †7 This means that we deserve the right to rebel against government control. Maybe Thoreau was not as revolutionary as some thought, he was simply quoting the Constitution of the United States of America. Civil disobedience was catching on in the colonies as taxes got higher. However the phenomenon was not as popular in Britain. â€Å"It has been reported to the King that several writings†¦ nder the title of Revolutions, or Protests or different bodies and communities, cary with them an air of disobedience and revolt. These writings are in their form-illegal-in the effect that they are intended to produce-fallacious superiority over the royal authority†8. These letters were a response to articles such as the one put forth by the Sons of Liberty. The King would send ultimatum after ultimatum, attempting to stop civil disobedience from becoming mainstream. â€Å"The King being in his council, orders that the deliberations and protests of his courts and other assemblies made since the publication of his laws of the 8th of May†¦ articularly officers of the courts, or other judges, to afflict just penalties†¦ †9 Yet his threats did not stop the rebellion from coming. Like previously stated, in a society which controls, the need to rebel will always be present. Through the hard work of Henry Thoreau, the Sons of Liberty, and all those who opposed British rule, America is now a separate and free country. However as long as a government controls the way people live there will always be a need to rebel. Society’s right to free speech is essential in the preservation of freedom. Hopefully citizens will always see the positive outcomes of peaceful rebellion, it has and continues to shape the way our country works. The American society would not be what it is today without people crossing the line in order to show better ideas that will benefit the future that we live in today. Martin Luther King proved this when he crossed the line and protested in order to eliminate segregation. Now Americans can live freely together, in a society that rebelled, and is now better off than it ever has been before.

Bullying Prevention

I. Topic: Bullying Among Adolescents and Preteens II. Introduction A. On October 7, 2003, Ryan Halligan, a 13-year-old boy from Essex Junction, Vermont, committed suicide. B. Bullying, nowadays, is a serious problem at school. C. This paper will present recent information on bullying among teenagers and preteenagers, with reference to types, roles, impacts and actions. III. Types of Bullying D. Ways of Bullying 1. Verbal Bullying 2. Social Exclusion 3. Physical Bullying 4. Cyber Bullying E. Reasons for Bullying 5. Racial Bullying 6. Religious Bullying 7. Sexual Bullying 8. Disability Bullying IV. Roles in Bullying F. Bullies . Bullying Leader 10. Followers or Henchmen 11. Supporters or Passive Bullies 12. Passive Supporters or Possible Bullies G. Bystanders H. Defenders 13. Possible Defenders 14. Defenders V. Impact of Bullying I. Students Who are Bullied J. Students Who are Bully K. Observers of Bullying L. School with Bullying Issues VI. Solutions M. Students N. Parents O. School V II. Conclusion P. Bullying among teenagers and preteenagers is an unavoidable problem which may lead its victims to committed suicide. Q. The study of the types of bullying, roles of bullying and impacts of bullying help students, parents and school to stop bullying.R. I feel sorry about the students who are bullied; however, I think they can change this situation with the help of other students, their parents and school. Bingguang Feng 33B MW 4:40 04/11/2012 Bullying Among Adolescents and Preteens Bullying, nowadays, is a serious problem at schools. It affects deeply the mentalities and health of teenagers and preteenagers who get into trouble easily. Bullying is defined as â€Å"a person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself. According to the 2009 Your Risk Behavior Surveillance System(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), up to 20% of high school students were bullied in United States. The 2008-2009 School Crime Supplement shows that 28% of students in grade 6-12 were victims of bullying in the United States. This paper will present recent information on bullying among teenagers and perteenagers, with reference to types, roles, impacts and actions. Bullying Among Adolescents and Preteens On October 7, 2003, Ryan Halligan, a 13-year-old boy from Essex Junction, Vermont, committed suicide.As Ryan’s father said, he was a gentle, humorous and sensitive boy. He had great time at school until he started fifth grade. His classmates began laughing at him because of his studying problems and physical weakness. His parents tried their best to help him get over those problems. However, the bullying problems never left him alone. During the summer of 2003, Ryan was commented aggressively that he was gay, and he was cheated by his on-line girlfriend. Finally, he could not stand this situation and made the worst decision, suicide (â€Å"If We Only Knew† 1/3).Ryan is not the first victim of bullying and would not be the last one. Bullying, nowadays, is a serious problem at school. Bullying is defined as â€Å"a person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself. † Because of bullying, more and more students are afraid to go to school. According to the 2009 Your Risk Behavior Surveillance System(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), up to 20% of high school students were bullied in United States.The 2008-2009 School Crime Supplement shows that 28% of students in grade 6-12 were victims of bullying in the United States (â€Å"Bullying Definition† 1/2). This paper will present recent information on bullying among teenagers and preteenagers, with reference to types, roles, impacts and actions. First of all, bullying can be classif ied by the ways of bullying or the reasons for bullying. Bullying is further categorized as verbal bullying, social bullying, physical bullying and cyber bullying by the ways of bullying. Verbal bullying is an aggressive behavior through derogatory languages.It includes bad-name-calling, ridicule, slanderous comments and bruiting deceitful rumors. Social bullying is a provocative social action used by people who bully others. It includes social separation, ignoring someone and setting others up to look stupid. Physical bullying is an obvious aggressive action used to force someone to do something he or she unwilling to do. It includes kicking, hitting, spitting, shoving and stealing others’ money or damaging someone’s belongings. Cyber bullying is also known as electronic bullying. It can be verbal or visual.Provocative calls, annoying messages or emails, threatening internet site, or showing someone horrible pictures or videos is considered as cyber bullying (â€Å"W hat is Bullying? † 1/3). Tyler Clementi, an eighteen- year-old university student from Piscataway, New Jersey, jumped from the George Washington Bridge because his roommate who used webcam to view he was kissing another man and posted the video on the Internet without letting him know (Allen 2/4). It is estimated that more than 33% of young student have experienced cyber threats online (â€Å"Cyber Bullying Statistic†).Despite the ways of bullying, bullying is classified into racial bullying, religious bullying, sexual bullying and disability bullying by the reasons for bullying. Racial bullying is also called ethnic bullying. It is an aggressive behavior that some people treating someone badly because he or she does not have the same racial cultures or background as the people who bully do. Making fun with someone’s racial culture, calling their racist names, or commenting their racial backgrounds badly belongs to racial bullying. Religious bullying is very simi lar to racial bullying.Someone is bullied because his or her religious belief or background is different or special. Bullying through telling something unfavorable about a religious belief or background, abusing someone base on his or her religious belief or background, or laughing at someone because of his or her religious belief or background is religious bullying. Not only race and religion, but also sex is another reason for bullying. Sexual bullying is a bullying behavior that using people’s sexuality or gender as a weapon by males or females to hurt other males or females. It can be physical or non-physical.Sexual bullying includes treating someone badly because of his or her gender, playing jokes or making rough comment about someone’s sexual behavior, or saying someone a homosexuality. Johnny Cagno, a middle-school student in Rhode Island, had experienced sexual bullying for a long time. His classmates kept saying that he was gay because his hobby is different. As Johnny’s mother said â€Å"I felt like everyday I was sending him off to war† (â€Å"Bullying: Words Can Kill†). The last reason for bullying is disability. Disability bullying is that someone is treating badly because he or she is disabled.People usually bully cripples by making fun of their disability, laughing at them because they are disabled (â€Å"What is Bullying† 1/3). In addition to know about types of bullying, the roles of bullying are also necessary for students, parent and school to pay attention to. In bullying action, people can be classified into three groups by their actions. The first group is the bully. It includes bullying leader, followers or henchmen, supporters or passive bullies and passive supporters or possible bullies. The bullying leader is the one who starts bullying and leads other students to bully someone else.The followers or henchmen are the students who like to bully others and follow the bullying leader, but they ar e not the first one to bully. The supporters or passive bullies like bullying but do not take part in it. They usually enjoy watching and make people pay attention to the bullying. The passive supporters or possible bullies are students who like bullying, but they do not show their feeling of bullying to anyone. The second group is bystander. They are known as disengaged onlookers. They do not take any side of bullying. They do not like or hate it.They just watch and think the bullying is none of their business. The last group of bullying is the defender. The possible defenders are the students who hate bullying. They want to help the victims of bullying. However, they did not take any action. The defenders are the students who dislike bullying and try to do something which can help the students who are bullied (â€Å"What is Bullying† 2/3). Despite the roles of bullying, bullying has wide-ranging negative effects on the students who are bullied, students who bully, students who observe bullying, and schools.Because of bullying, the victims of bullying become depressed, lose self-esteem and have health problems. Their grades also start to fall down. The worst thing is some of them attempt suicide. Johnny tried to kill himself by over taking cool pills. Fortunately, his was rushed to the hospital in time (â€Å"Bullying: Words Can Kill†). Despite the damages of the bullying victims, the bullies usually have more troubles than other students. They fight frequently, steal other’s belongs, and drink alcohol and smoke. They usually have low grades at school. They can creative a negative climate at school.Some of them may bring weapons to school. According to a recent statistics from 2010, one out of every 20 students has seen someone bring a gun at school (â€Å"Bullying Statistics†). The witnesses of bullying will think school is a danger place. They have a feeling of fear when they see bullying. They are too frightened to help the vict ims of bullying and feel guilty for their actions. The bullies try to tempt them take part in bullying. By the effects of bullying, the climate of school becomes negative. If the school does not take any effective action, it will be not safe for the students anymore.Students may think that teachers and school administrations do not care about them and do not try to protect them from bullying. Then, students cannot study well in this environment. They are worried about their safety and feel unsafe at school (â€Å"What is Bullying† 3/3). Bullying seems difficult to be stopped. However, with the help of students, parents and school, it can decrease or be stopped. First of all, the students should report bullying to teachers or their parents as soon as possible. The students who are bullied can share their experience with other students.They can perform it as a play to let more students know about bullying. They can work as an anti-bullying group to talk about how to stop bullyi ng, and help school develop protect principle and rules. In addition to stop bullying, parents also play important roles in it. They can communicate with their children and use their knowledge and experience to help their children. They can meet school administrators and give suggestions to school. The best way is parents volunteer in the bullying prevention at school. By volunteering with their children, parent can give a lot of courage to their children to fight bullying.John, Ryan’s father, tried his best to lead the Vermont Bully Prevention bill became a law (ACT117) in a short time after Ryan’s death (â€Å"About Us†). Beside students and parents, school also has responsibility for stopping bullying. School staff can create policies about stopping bullying and set up a special department to deal with bullying problems. School also can post anti-bullying messages around school area. Holding meetings for students, parents and teachers talk about bullying, sch ool can inform the parent how the bullying prevention going (â€Å"Engage Parents & Youth†).As has been demonstrated above, bullying among teenagers and preteenagers is an unavoidable problem which may lead its victims to committed suicide. In addition, bullying does not only affect on its victims but also has deep impact of bullies, observers and school. Indeed bullying can be categorized by why students bully or how students bully, and students play different roles in it. Therefore, students, parents and school try to work together in order to prevent students from being hurt by bullying.As Ryan committed suicide after a long time had been bullied, his father said â€Å"if we only knew, if he only told us† (â€Å"If We Only Knew† 1/3). People feel sorry about the students who are bullied. Those students do not know how to deal with bullying. They are lack of self-protect consciousness and afraid to tell other people. The school and parents should give more inf ormation to them and teach them how to flight against bullying. The government should also have set up a law to protect students from being bullying and punish the bullies. Let’s make the school to be a happy place again.Works Cited â€Å"About Us. † Ryan’s Story. Ryan’s Story Presentation LTD, 2010. Web. 17 March 2012. Allen, Jane. â€Å"Rutgers Suicide: Internet Humiliation Trauma for Teen. † ABCNews. ABC News Internet Ventures. Yahoo! -ABC News Network, 30 September 2010. Web. 10 March 2012. â€Å"Bullying Definition. † stopbullying. gov. U. S. Department of Health & Services, 2010. Web. 27 March 2012. â€Å"Bullying Facts. † Prevnet Promoting Relationships and Elimination Violence. PREVNet, 2011. Web. 28 February 2012. â€Å"Bullying Statistics. † Bullying Statistics. Bullying Stastics- Stop Bullying, Harrassment, nd Violence, 2009. Web. 29. March 2012 â€Å"Bullying: Words Can Kill. † 48 Hours Mystery. Narr. Tracy S mith. CBS. 17 September. 2011. CBSNews. com . Web. 4 March. 2012. â€Å"Cyber Bullying Statistics. † Bullying Statistics. Bullying Stastics- Stop Bullying, Harrassment, and Violence, 2009. Web. 29. March 2012 â€Å"Engage Parents & Youth. † stopbullying. gov. U. S. Department of Health & Services, 2010. Web. 27 March 2012. â€Å"Gay Bullying Statistics. † Bullying Statistics. Bullying Stastics- Stop Bullying, Harrassment, and Violence, 2009. Web. 29. March 2012 If We Only Knew, If He Only Told Us. † Ryan’s Story. Ryan’s Story Presentation LTD, 2010. Web. 17 March 2012. â€Å"Rutgers Suicide: Internet Humiliation Trauma for Teen. † ABCNews. ABCNews. 30 September. 2010. ABCNews. go. com. Web. 10 March. 2012. â€Å"Sexual bullying in schools. † NSPCC Cruelty to children must stop. NSPCC, 2011. Web. 28 February 2012. â€Å"Vermont’s Bully Prevention Law-ACT 117. † Ryan’s Story. Ryan’s Story Presentation L TD, 2010. Web. 17 March 2012. â€Å"What is Bullying? † Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. Hazelden Foundation, 2011. Web. 28 February 2012.

Free Essays on Anglo Saxons

The Anglo-Saxon Period (440-1066) was a time of fierce battles coupled with equally fierce loyalty to rulers and tribes. It also saw the great change of Christianity remolding the pagan cultures. A time in many ways different from our own, a belief in an impersonal and indifferent Fate hung over their lives every day. A strong sense of the passing away of all things present in the world was very evident. This pessimistic view was in common with their surrounding environment where there was the continual threat of death by accident or warfare. Human strength was measured by the ability to control the reaction to fate through courage and sheer will. This was to be intrinsic with loyalty to leaders, even to the extent of showing grave courtesy to persons of high rank in neighboring and/or rival tribes. However this was yoked with a democratic frame of mind, in the sense that individuals would group together to discuss opinions and events. The time was not without its qualities that we would now consider positive. For instance, the great epic of Beowulf shows, along with its gory and graphic elements, a stranger coming to the aid of a town unbidden, great banquets with eating, drinking and music with `... the harp`s rejoicing / Call and the poet`s clear songs ...` (lines 4-5). As well we see the closeness of the community and the reliance each member had on those around him... Free Essays on Anglo Saxons Free Essays on Anglo Saxons The Anglo-Saxon Period (440-1066) was a time of fierce battles coupled with equally fierce loyalty to rulers and tribes. It also saw the great change of Christianity remolding the pagan cultures. A time in many ways different from our own, a belief in an impersonal and indifferent Fate hung over their lives every day. A strong sense of the passing away of all things present in the world was very evident. This pessimistic view was in common with their surrounding environment where there was the continual threat of death by accident or warfare. Human strength was measured by the ability to control the reaction to fate through courage and sheer will. This was to be intrinsic with loyalty to leaders, even to the extent of showing grave courtesy to persons of high rank in neighboring and/or rival tribes. However this was yoked with a democratic frame of mind, in the sense that individuals would group together to discuss opinions and events. The time was not without its qualities that we would now consider positive. For instance, the great epic of Beowulf shows, along with its gory and graphic elements, a stranger coming to the aid of a town unbidden, great banquets with eating, drinking and music with `... the harp`s rejoicing / Call and the poet`s clear songs ...` (lines 4-5). As well we see the closeness of the community and the reliance each member had on those around him...

Welcome Spring With These May Day Quotes

Welcome Spring With These May Day Quotes May Day  is celebrated on the first of May around the world. While it is a Northern Hemisphere spring holiday, it also coincides with International Workers’ Day. Whether the beauty of spring season in May or the importance of labor, May Day is a fine  time for celebration and good thoughts. The following May Day quotes will add to your celebratory mood. Share them with friends and relive the best moments of your life this May Day. Helen Hunt Jackson O May, sweet-voice one, going thus before, Forever June may pour her warm red wine Of life and passions,sweeter days are thine! Denis Florence McCarthy Ah! my heart is weary waiting, Waiting for the May: Waiting for the pleasant rambles Where the fragrant hawthorn brambles, Where the woodbine alternating, Scent the dewy way; Ah! my heart is weary, waiting, Waiting for the May. Charlotte Smith Another May new buds and flowers shall bring: Ah! why has happiness no second Spring? Thomas Bailey Aldrich Hebes here, May is here! The air is fresh and sunny; And the miser-bees are busy Hoarding golden honey. William Shakespeare Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date. As full of spirit as the month of May, and as gorgeous as the sun in Midsummer. Robin Williams Spring is natures way of saying, Lets party! Hal Borland April is a promise that May is bound to keep. Robert Frost The sun was warm but the wind was chill. You know how it is with an April day. Virgil Now every field is clothed with grass, and every tree with leaves; now the woods put forth their blossoms, and the year assumes its gay attire. Arthur Rubenstein The seasons are what a symphony ought to be: four perfect movements in harmony with each other. Gustav Mahler With the coming of spring, I am calm again.

Artistic Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity Literature review

Artistic Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity - Literature review Example Collage is a type of appropriation. Different parts of copyrighted works are incorporated in a random manner to form a totally different and new work not previously existed. Aim This literature review aims to explore the different scholars’ views in the favor of the statement that modern scope of copyright restricts the culture of collage and visual arts appropriation as well as the views of scholars against this notion. Objectives 1. What is the concept of appropriation? 2. What is the modern interpretation of a copyright? 3. What is the impact of copyright on the creativity and advancement of artistic knowledge? 4. How practice of appropriation can survive in the technological age? 5. What are the alternative approaches to use copyrighted works without resorting to an infringement? 6. What works are appropriated and are considered enforceable in the courts of law? 7. Are there any theories for copyright and fair use? 8. Is there any case law available related to appropriatio n and copyrights? 9. Who are the authors in favor of the statement and against it? Literature Review Lankford (2011) explored the history of the practice of appropriating visual arts. He argued that this practice dates back to Greeks period who invented the technique of appropriation. ... The author further observed that as a result, the artist freely appropriated other works to form a collage work (Cohen, 2011; p.89). The modern copyright law has its roots in the Statute of Anne of 1710 that recognized author rights in a certain but limited manner (Pedley, 2005). Hampel (1992) argued in the favour of artist’s appropriation. He postulated that the appropriation does not deprive the copyright holders of their copyrights and any of their financial benefits. Therefore, Hampel (1992) required that they should be free to use the other artist’s works without seeking authorization or licensing. Furthermore, Meyers (2006) highlighted that the copyrights law discourages the artists to expand and innovate in their works. The author forcefully disagreed with the licensing and authorization requirements to initiate an appropriation of visual arts, which drags on the time frame for its completion. Davies (2010) an advocate of copyright law provides that the term copy right literally means the right to copy. He postulated that the appropriation of visual arts in the form of a collage work is a copyrightable subject matter as it is an expression in physical form instead of a mere idea that has no physical form for claiming intellectual property rights over it. He provided that when a work is applied for copyright registration, the Intellectual Property Office of United Kingdom examines the work in terms of its originality, degree of labour, skill or judgement exhibited by the work. Davies (2010) provided that the work has to be original and should not be similar to others copyrighted work otherwise it will become an infringement of other’s copyright. The

Intermed Statistics for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermed Statistics for Business - Essay Example The results of the analysis were used in analyzing if strategy and planning are important in undertaking business. Analysis In the process of analysing the 73 small sized companies, we made use of the criteria of business planning. The 73 companies were divided into three different distinct groups and data analyzed from this point of view. For instance, categorized under Index 1, were companies which had plans of up to 15 years while index 2 were for companies which had short terms plans of 1 year and below and finally index 3 categorized companies which had no plans at all (Hays, 2007). The analysis report is outlined below: Revenue Revenue of the 73 small companies was measured with the main comparison being the average revenue growth for a period of five years. Index 1: From the analysis of revenues of companies which had short-term strategic plans, the average revenues of 11 companies out of 73 under this category stood at 78.64%. Index 2: From the analysis of revenues of compani es which had short-term strategic plans, the average revenues of 27 companies out of 73 under this category stood at 22.74%. Index 3: From the analysis of revenues of companies which had no strategic plans, the average revenues of 35 companies out of 73 under this category stood at 37.29%. ... Analysis of the income is analyzed below: Index 1: Companies categorized here had an average income growth of 42.73% in the past five years. Index 2: Companies which had short terms plans on the other hand recorded a 27.07% increase in income over the last five years. Index 3: Companies which had no plans at all on the other hand recorded a 19.4% increase in income in the last five years. The analysis of income shows that the mean income of all the 73 companies stood at around 25.76% growth in the last five years (Hays, 2007). Therefore, we can conclude that companies with short and long term plans performed beyond the expected growth rate as shown by figure 2 in the appendix. Book The book value is used to show the average book value growth over a period of five years as analyzed below: Index 1: Average growth for companies falling under this category stood at around 69.18%. Index 2: The percentage growth rate for companies in this category stood at 41.41% over a five year period. I ndex 3: The growth rate of companies in this category stood at 11.11% over a period of five years. The analysis of the book value growth show that companies with long term plans had the capability to tremendously growth their book balances over a long term. This is compared to companies with short terms plans who posted impressive results by surpassing the mean growth rate of 31.07%. Companies with no plans had a low book value growth rate compared to other companies (Healey, 2011). This is exhibited by figure 3 in the appendix. Comp This variable was used to measure the average cash compensation awarded to CEO for the 73 companies over the period of the last five years. The analysis of compensation

Public School Uniforms Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public School Uniforms Outline - Assignment Example However, there has been a rise in a group of people opposing the idea. Critics argue that uniforms do not add any value to the education of the students. They argue that most reforms which proponents cling on are not solely because of the use of school uniforms, but a combination of several reform measures taken by the institution (Draa, 2005). The effectiveness of the policies in terms of law and finance is also questioned (Brunsma et al, 1998). The rapid change of clothing trends that target the youth has created problems among the youth, who are mainly the majority in schools and colleges. There is an unending appetite among the youth to appear fashionable among their peers; hence an increase in unscrupulous means of acquiring the clothes (Draa, 2005). Students who cannot afford such lavish dressing may feel inferior in schools; hence the need of uniforms. Uniforms make everyone equal and eliminate the need of unhealthy competition between students in schools. Competition among the students over their appearance results in taunts and even fights (Holloman et al, 1996). The school community is made up of different kind of people, from different backgrounds. Allowing the students to dress up as they wish would make the school environment look chaotic. Different communities have their own unique dress codes; that could be their tradition and due to lack of exposure and tolerance, students wearing them can be ridiculed by others. The administrators ease the social problems, tension and appearance related issues by embracing the use of uniforms (Draa, 2005). The use of school uniforms is for the safety of the children themselves. According to Draa (2005), there are cases where school-age children are robbed or even killed for their shoes and clothes which are of high demand. The role of uniforms in the prevention of violence is framed as a safety issue for the students in schools

Sodium Alginate and Polymer Drug Delivery Systems

Sodium Alginate and Polymer Drug Delivery Systems Sodium alginate is a hygroscopic material, although, stable at low humidities and at cool temperatures. Aqueous solutions of sodium alginate are most stable at ph 4-10. Below ph3, alginic acid is precipitated. Sodium alginate solutions are susceptible to microbial spoilage during storage, which may effect on solution viscosity. Subsequent loss of viscosity due to depolarization was observed when sodium alginate was heated above 70Â °c. Preparations containing sodium alginate for external use may be preserved by the addition of 0. 1% chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, or parabens and if the medium is acidic, benzoic acid may be used. Bulk material should be stored in an airtight container in a cool and dry place. Sodium alginate is incompatible with acridine derivatives, crystal violet, phenyl mercuric acetate and nitrate, heavy metals and ethanol in concentrations greater than 5%w/v. Low concentrations of electrolytes cause an increase in viscosity but high electrolyte concentrations causing salting out of sodium alginate; salting out occurs if more than 4% of sodium chloride is present. Sodium alginate is used in variety of oral and pharmaceutical formulations. In tablet formulations, sodium alginate may be used as both a binder and disintegrant. It has also been used as a diluents in capsule formulations and also been used in the preparation of sustained release oral formulations, since it can delay the dissolution of a drug from tablets, capsules and aqueous suspensions. Recently, sodium alginate has been used for the aqueous microencapsulation of drugs in contrast with the more conventional microencapsulation techniques which use organic solvent systems. It has also been used in the formation of nanoparticles. The adhesive nature of hydrogels prepared from sodium alginate has been investigated and the drug release from oral mucosal adhesive tablets based in sodium alginate has been reported. Hydrogel systems containing alginates have also been investigated for delivery of proteins and peptides. Therapeutically sodium alginate has been used in the combination with an h2 receptor antagonist in the management of gastroesophageal reflux and as a haemostatic agent in surgical dressings. Alginate dressings, used to treat exuding wounds often contain significant amounts of sodium alginate as this improves the gelling properties. Sodium alginate is also used in cosmetics and food products at concentrations given in table 4 Safety Sodium alginate is widely used in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations, such as topical products, including wound dressings. It is generally regarded as a nontoxic and non-irritant material, although excessive oral consumption may be harmful. The WHO has not specified an acceptable daily intake for alginic acid and alginate salts as the levels used in foods do not represent a hazard to health. Handling precautions. Sodium alginate may be irritant to eye or respiratory system if inhaled as dust;eye protection, gloves, dust respirator are needed while handling. Sodium alginate should be handled in a well ventilated environment. Related substances The various substances related to sodium alginate include alginic acid, potassium alginate, calcium alginate, propylene glycol alginate. CHITOSAN Chitosan is a derivative of chitin and it is a unique polysaccharide and hydrophilic polymer. Non Proprietary Names BP: Chitosan hydrochloride Ph Eur : Chitosan hydrochloridum Chemistry Preparation The principle derivative of chitin, namely Chitosan (C6H11O4N)n is a unique polysaccharide and hydrophilic polymer which is taken from the chitin, a polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of crustaceans. it is processed by removing the shells from shellfish such as shrimp, lobusters and crabs. The shells are then ground into a pulverous powder. This powder is then deacetylated. This involves boiling chitin in concentrated alkali (50%) for several hours. This will yield chitosan with a degree of acetylation between 20-30%, the most popular commercial form of Chitosan. In such a chitosan, the acetyl groups are uniformly distributed along the polymer chain. This is in contrast with the Chitosan of similar degree of acetylation, but isolated from fungal cell walls in which the acetylresidues are grouped into clusters. Special chemical treatments are required to obtain completely de-acetylated forms of chitosan. CHITIN Functional category It is used as a coating agent; disintegrant; film forming agent; mucoadhesive, tablet binder; viscosity increasing agent etc. Chemical character Chitosan is a cationic polyamine with a high charge density at ph The amino group in chitosan has a pka value of approximately 6. 5, thus chitosan is positively charged and soluble in acidic to neutral solution with a charge density depend on ph and the %da. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the salt form, molecular weight, and degree of deacetylation as well as ph at which chitosan is used all influence how this polymer is utilized in pharmaceutical application. Chitosan is incompatible with strong oxidising agent. Typical properties Chitosan is a cationic polyamine with a high charge density at ph Acidity / alkalinity pH=4-6(1%w/v aqueous solution) Density 1. 35-1. 49g/cm3 Particle size distribution Stability and storage conditions Chitosan is a stable material at room temperature although it is hygroscopic after drying. Chitosan should be stored in a tigjtly closed container in a cool and dry place. Incompatibilities Chitosan is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Safety Chitosan is being investigated widely for use as an excipient in oral and other pharmaceutical formulations. It is also used in cosmetics. chitosan is generally regarded as biodegradable, nontoxic and non irritant material. it is biocompatible with both healthy and infected skin. Applications Chitosan is found useful in many fields like sustained drug delivery, components of mucoadhesive dosage forms, rapid release dosage forms, improved peptide delivery, colonic drug delivery systems and use for gene delivery. Chitosan is processed into several pharmaceutical forms including gels, beads, films, microspheres tablets and coatings for liposomes. PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE (ÃŽÂ ²-adrenergic blocking agents) Adrenergic nonselective ÃŽÂ ²-receptor antagonist. (antihypertensive, antianginal and antiarrhythmic. ) STRUCTURE Chemical name (ÂÂ ±)-1-isopropylamino-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol hydrochloride Molecular formula C16H21NO2. HCl Molecular weight 295. 8 Description: A white powder, odourless and bitter in taste Solubility: Soluble Soluble 1 in 2 of water and ethanol Slightly soluble in chloroform I . PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS a. Cardiovascular-Propranolol diminishes cardiac output, heart rate, and force of contraction. These effects are useful in the treatment of angina. b. Peripheral vasoconstriction-Blockade of ÃŽÂ ²-receptors prevents ÃŽÂ ²2-mediated vasodilation. The reduction in cardiac output leads to decreased blood pressure. c. Bronchoconstriction-Blocking ÃŽÂ ²2 receptors in the lungs of susceptible patients causes contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle. Î’-blockers are thus contradicted in patients with asthma. d. increased Na+ retention-reduced blood pressure causes a decrease in renal perfusion, resulting in an increase in Na+ and plasma volume. in some cases this compensatory response tends to elevate the BP. For these patients, ÃŽÂ ²-blockers are often combined with a diuretic to prevent Na+ retention. II. THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS a. Hypertension-propranolol lowers BP in hypertension by decreasing cardiac output. b. glaucoma-propranolo is effective in diminishing intraocular pressure in glaucoma. c. migraine-propranolol is also effective in reducing migraine episodes by blocking the catecholamine induced vasodilation in the brain vasculature. d. angina pectoris-propranolol decreases the oxygen requirement of heart muscle and therefore effective in reducing the chest pain in angina. e. myocardial infarction-propranolol and other ÃŽÂ ²-blockers have a protective effect on the myocardium. thus, patient who have had one myocardial infarction appear to be protected against a second heart attack by prophylactic use of ÃŽÂ ²-blockers. III. ADVERSE EFFECTS a. broncho constriction-when propranolol is administered to an asthmatic patient, an immediate contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle prevents air from entering the lungs. Therefore, propranolol must never be used in treating any individual with obstructive pulmonary disease. b. arrhythmias-treatment with the ÃŽÂ ²-blockers must never be stopped quickly because of the risk of precipitating cardiac arrhythmias. c. disturbances in metabolism- ÃŽÂ ² bloackade leads to decreased glycogenolysis and decreased glucagon secretion. d. drug interaction-drugs that interfere with the metabolism of propranolol, such as cimetidine, furosemide and chlorpromazine may potentiate its antihypertensive effects. conversely those that stimulate is metabolism, such as barbiturates, phenytoin and rifampicin can mitigate its effects. PHARMACOKINETICS Propranolol is well absorbed after oral administration but has low bioavailability due to high first pass metabolism in liver. it is highly bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism of propranolol is dependent on hepatic blood flow. DOSE Oral 10mg BD to 10mg QID (average 40-60mg/day) I. V 2-8mg injected over 10min with with constant monitoring. it is not injected S. C or I. M because of irritant property. MATERIALS NAME OF THE MATERIALS NAME OF THE COMPANY Propranolol hydrochloride Sodium alginate AR Hi-Media biosciences Ltd, Mumbai. Calcium chloride AR S. D Fine chemicals Ltd, Mumbai Barium chloride AR Qualigens Fine Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai Chitosan AR Fluca Biochemicals Ltd, Switzerland. (Viscosity 200-400 mPa. s) Acetic acid EQUIPMENTS USED Name of equipment Name of company UV/Vis Spectrophotometer JASCO V-530 IR Spectrophotometer Jasco-FT-IR 8201 PC Differential scanning calorimeter DSC-60 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) Optical Microscope and Stage Micrometer Erma. Japan Scanning Electron Microscope JSM 6400 x-ray diffractrometer Bruker AXS D8 Dissolution apparatus Electrolab TDT-08L, USP XXIV Type I Apparatus. Chennai Remi Hi-speed motor Universal motors. Mumbai Digital balance Denver Instruments 18002098899 simi INTRODUCTION MICROENCAPSULATION A process in which very thin coatings of polymeric materials are deposited around particles of solids or droplets of liquid. Different terms for solid particle systems are employed in drug delivery among them pellets, beads, microcapsules, microspheres, millispheres are few. The terminologies of most relevant multiparticulate systems are provided here. Pellets can be defined as Small, free flowing spherical particles manufactured by agglomeration of fine powders or granules of drug substances and excipients using appropriate processing equipment. The size of these particles rae usually between 0. 5 and 1. 5mm. sphericity and intra granular porosity are the two important quality attributes of pellets. The terms spherical granules and beads have been applied interchangeably to pellet system. Microspheres are solids approximately spherical particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000ÂÂ µm. They are made of polymeric, waxy, or other protective materials, that are biodegradable synthetic polymers and modified natural products such as gums, proteins, waxes etc. Microsphere: the enbtrapped substance is dispersed throughout the microsphere matrix. Microcapsule: the entrapped substance is completely surrounded by distinct capsule wall. The similiarities between microsphers and microcapsules are clear and illustrations of these particles are shown in Fig: Encapsulation methods Two major classes of encapsulation methods have evolved, viz chemical and physical. The first class of encapsulation involves polymerisation during the process of preparing the microcapsules. examples of this class are usually known by the name of interfacial polymerisation or in situ polymerisation. The second type involves controlled precipitation of a polymeric solution where in physical changes usually occur. The precipitation and or gelation listed in table cover many techniques. one example isthe precipitation of water soluble polymers such as gelatin with water miscible solvents such as isopropranol. other examples include the precipitation of ethyl cellulose from cyclohexane agin by cooling, and gelation of sodium alginate with aqueous calcium salt solutions. in all cases the objective is to precipitate a performed polymer around the core (sometimes a multi-particulate) to cause encapsulation. Process Coating material Suspended medium Interfacial polymerization Water soluble and insoluble monomers Aqueous/organic solvents Complex coacervation Water soluble polyelectrolyte Water Simple coacervation Hydrophobic polymers Organic solvents Thermal denaturation Proteins Organic solvents Salting out Water-soluble polymer Water Solvent evaporation Hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer Organic or Water Hot melt Hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer Aqueous/organic solvents Solvent removal Hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer Organic solvents Spray drying Hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer Air, nitrogen Phase separation Hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer Aqueous/organic solvents POLYMER BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM There has been growing interest in polymer based bioadhesive drug delivery systems. one of the goals of such systems is to prolong the residence time of a drug carrier in the Gastro Intestinal tract(GIT). The bioadhesive bond can be of a covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobicor hydrogen bond nature. ionic polymers are reported to be more adhesive than neutral polymers, and an increased charge density will also give better adhesion suggesting that the electrostatic interactions are of great importance. except for the oesophagus, the entire GI tract including the stomach is covered with a continous layer of insoluble mucus gel. The mucus gel mainly consists of glycolproteins and due to their content of ester sulphate and sialic acid groups, the mucus layer has an overall strong net negative charge. The mucus layer has been considered as a possible site for bioadhesion and drug delivery by several groups. Natural polymers Recently, the use of natural polymers in the design of drug delivery formulation has received much attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non toxicity and easy in availability. Polymers as carriers used in drug delivery system The different types of polymers for extended release preparations are given below. Biodegradable polymers The biodegradable polymers comprised of monomers linked to one another through functional groups and have unstable linkages in the backbone. They are biologically degraded or eroded by enzymes or generated by living cells. Natural Albumin, alginate, collagen, starch, chitosan, dextran, casein, gelatine, fibrinogen etc. Synthetic Polyalklyl-cyanoacrylate, poly ethyl cyano acrylate, poly amino acids, poly amides, poly acryl amides etc. Aliphatic polyesters Poly(maleicacid), poly (glycolic acid), poly(hydroxyl butyrate), poly (lactic acid), poly vinyl alcohol(PVA) etc. Non-biodegradable polymers Poly ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA), poly ether urethane(PEU), cellulose acetate, poly vinyl chloride(PVC), ethyl cellulose etc. In recent years a lrge number of biodegradable polymers have been investigated for their potential use as drug delivery systems. among them, sodium alginate and chitosan are very promising and have been widely exploited in pharmaceutical industry for sustained drug release. polysaccharides such as alginic acid, agar, chitin and chitosan have been used to agglomerate drugs for controlled drug delivery systems. Chitosan is a anaturally occurring polysaccharide comprosing of glucosamine and N-Acetyl glucosamine with unique poly cation characteristics. The polycationic nature of chitosan leads to a strong interaction with negatively charged alginate. when alginate is dropped into chitosan solution, the electrostatic interaction of carboxylic groups of alginate with the amino groups of chitosan results in the formation of a membarane on the surface of sodium alginate and improves the stability and drug content. This process has been widely used in the preparation of alginate chitosan membaranes with a solid calcium-alginate gel core. There are many advantages of the chitosan coating, such as the improvement of drug loading and bioadhesive property, as well as the prolonged drug release properties etc. Alginate(ionic, hydrophilic polymer) is a negatively charged polysachharide with high charge density and has been reported to be bioadhesive. among polyanionic polymers, alginate has been widely studied and applied for its possibility to modulate the release according to the properties of its carboxyl groups as well as its biodegradability and absence of its toxicity. alginate is a naturally derived anionic polysaccharide mainly from algae belonging to the family of phaeophyceae. Alginic acid is an algal polysaccharide and a species of poly carboxylic acid. alginate consists of two sugar moieties ÃŽÂ ²-D mannuronic acid and ÃŽÂ ±-L guluronic acid which exist either in blocks or random sequences and their relative proportions determines the biofunctional properties of alginc acid. alginate is known to form complexes with divalent cations, such as Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ in aqueous solution. depending upon the composition of two sugar residues and sequential distribution within the molecules, the complexes form either precipitates or hydrogels. guluronic acid blocks are known to form a rigid buckled structure, the so called egg box array, in which chelating calcium ions are nestled in the aqueous environment of the ordered gel structure due to the spatial arrangements of guluronic block oxygen atoms of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Alginate has been widely used as food additive, a tablet disintegrator or gelation agent, and the mechanism of its gelation have been extensively investigated. when an aqueous solution of sodium alginate(SA) is added dropwise to an aqueous solution of calcium chloride, spherical alginate beads with regular shape and size are produced, since an insoluble calcium alginate matrix is formed by the cation exchange between sodium and calcium ions. alginates are known to form reticulated structure when in contact with calcium chloride ions and this characteristic has been used to produce SR particulate systems for a variety of drugs. GEL FORMATION (GENERAL MECHANISM) A gel in classical colloidal terminology, is defined as a system which owes its characteristic properties to a cross linked network of polymeric chains which form at the gel point. a considerable amount of research has been carried out in recent years to elucidate the nature of the crosslinks and determine the structure of alginate gels. alginate beads can be prepared by extruding a solution of sodium alginate containing the desired drug or protein, as droplets, into a divalent crosslinking solution such as Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ . monovalent cations do not induce gelation while Ba2+, and Sr2+ ions produce stronger alginate gels than Ca2+. other divalent cations such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, CO2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ will also cross link alginate gels but their use is limited due to their toxicity. The gelation and cross linking of the polymers are mainly achieved by the exchange of divalent cations and stacking of these guluronic acids with the divalent cations, and the stacking of these gul uronic groups to form the characteristic egg-box structure shown in fig LARGE BEAD PREPARATION In general, beads greater than 1. 0mm in diameter which can be produced by using a syringe, with a needle or a pipette. sodium alginate solution that contains the solubilised drug or protein is transferred dropwise into a gently agitated divalent cross linking solution. The diameter of the beads formed is dependant on the size of the needle used and the viscosity of the alginate solution . a larger diameter needle and higher viscosity solutions will produce larger diameter beads. The viscosity of SA can also influence the shape of the microbeads produced. The beads become more spherical as the concentration of SA increased. however, in general SA solutions of greater than 5% are difficult to prepare. Since, gelation occurs in an aqueous environment, alginate is a promising material as a food additive, drug formulation and useful even for encapsulation of living cells to protect them from immune responses. utilizing this stable complex formation with divalent cations, alginate gels have been utilized for investigation of cells are considered to be the ultimate system for the pulsatile release of biologically active compounds. Formulation of delivery devices for protein and peptide drugs under aqueous conditions are desirable to avoid the undesirable decrease of bioactivities which may occur when using organic solvents or heat during formulations. since relatively stable alginate gels can be formed in aqueous environments through chelation or complexation, which are promising delivery of matrices for bioactive compounds. It has been suggested that the crosslinks were caused either by ionic bridging of 2 carboxyl groups on adjacent polymer chains via calcium ions or by chelation of single calcium ions by hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on each of a pair of polymer chains. although these bonds may play a role in the gelation mechanism which are not sufficiently energetically favourable to account for the gelation of alginate. it has been shown on thebasis of fibre diffraction data and model-building calculations that the shape of both poly-mannuronic acid segments and the polygulutended, and that these extended ribbons can stack together in sheets. on the basis of these data and the properties of gels it has been suggested that the cooperative association of either polymannuronic acid segments or polyguluronic acid segments are involved in the formation of the crosslinked network of polymer chain. This technique has shown attractive applications in different fields, including cell immobilisation, owing to its mild operating conditions. as the encapsulation method is mild, and done at room temperature in aqueous medium, several sensitive drugs, proteins, living cells, enzymes, spermatozoa etc have been successfully encapsulated through alginate beads. The primary structure of alginate depends on the producing species and for the marine species, seasonal and geographical changes might result in variations in alginates extracted from the same species. The polymer is nown to form a physical gel by hydrogen bonding at low pH(acid gel)and by ionic interactions with polyvalent cations such as calcium, the cation acting as a cross linker between the polymer chains. The viscosity and primary structure of polymer are important features determining it swelling and gelling properties. At neutral pH, sodium alginate is soluble and hydrates to form viscous solutions, but below pH3, alginic acid, water swellable but insoluble, which is rapidly formed. since the hydration characteristics of the polymer and the subsequent physical properties of the hydrated gel layer may critically influence drug release. When CA beads are treated with 0. 1M HCl, alginate gels hydrolysed to lower molecular weight fractions of alginic acid. due to conversion of COO- groups into unionised carboxylic groups, the electrostatic attraction between Ca2+ ions and COO- ions in the egg-box junction almost disappears. moreover, there may occur in ion-exchange between H+ ion(presence in the external HCl solution) and free Ca2+ ions inside the beads. thus a reduced Ca2+ ions concentration within the beads results in a weaker Ca2+ cross linked beads when put in phosphate buffer at pH 6. 8. Therefore, the acid-treated beads are loosely crosslinked structure more soluble alginate as constituent. when such beads are put in the phosphate buffer pH6. 8, the beads swell at a faster rate but do not attain a higher water uptake value due to loosely bound structure of the beads which is unable to retain large amount of water within the beads. moreover, there is possibility of ion-exchange between H+ ions produced due to ion isation of carboxylic groups in the buffer at pH. A group of scientists developed a method of enclosing viable cells, tissues, and other labile biological substances within a semipermeable membrane. preliminary in-vitro studies of several types of microencapsulated cells and tissues(redblood cells, sperm cells, hepatica cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic endocrine tissues, and islets) were described by them. essentially, the process involves suspending the living cells or tissues in sodium alginate solution. The cell or tissue suspension is extruded through a device producing micro-droplets which fall into a calcium chloride solution and form gelled microbeads with the cells or tissues entrapped. These cell containing gel microbeads are next treated with polysine which displaces the surface layer of calcium ions and forms a permanent polysalt shell or membrane. finally, the interior calcium alginate is liquefied, either to stay in or to cum out(depending on molecular weight and size of the starting alginate) of the capsule with a calciu m sequestrant such as buffered citrate solution. Gohel et al ., prepared diclofenac sodium microspeheres by using sodium alginate as a polymer and CaCl2 as a cross linking agent. in this investigation stirring speed, concentration of crosslinking agent and heavy liquid paraffin were studied, on the time required for 80% of drug dissolution. a statistical model with significant interaction terms was derived to predict t80 and drug was released by diffusion of anomalous type. The results of multiple regression analysis and F value statistics revealed that, obtaining of controlled drug release and microspheres were to be prepared using relatively lower stirring speed. Literature reports indicate wide spread use of sodium alginate for achieving sustained release of drugs, targeting gastric mucosa and increasing the bioavailability of drugs because of sodium alginates ability to form a stable and bioadhesive gel with calcium ions. Alginate also has several unique properties that have enabled it to be used as a matrix for the entrapment or delivery of a variety of proteins, macromolecules and cells. USES Of Alginate Beads A relatively inert aqueous environment within the matrix. A mild room temperature encapsulation process free of organic solvent A high gel porosity which allows for high diffusion rate of macromolecules The ability to control this porosity with simple coating procedures. Dissolution and biodegradation of the system under normal physiological conditions. Standard graph for propranolol hydrochloride A stock solution of propranolol hydrochloride was prepared by dissolving 100mg of the drug in 100ml of the phosphate buffer of pH6. 8 to give 1mg/ml solution. ten millilitres of stock solution was diluted to 100ml using phosphate buffer f pH6. 8 to produce 100ÂÂ µg/ml working stock solution. from this working solution, dilutions were made with phosphate buffer of pH6. 8 to produce 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ÂÂ µg/ml. The ÃŽÂ » max of the drug was determined by scanning the dilutions between 400 and 200nm using a Shimadzu 1400 UV visible spectrophotometer. At this wavelength, the absorbances of all the other solutions were measured against a blank. Standard curve between concentration and absorbance was plotted. COMPATIBILITY STUDIES One of the requirements for the selection of suitable polymers or carriers for pharmaceutical formulation is its compatibility. Therefore in the present work a compatibility study was done by using Infra Red spectroscopy (IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to find out if there is any possible chemical interaction between propranolol hydrochloride and the polymers. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC) Differential Scanning calorimetric analysis was used to characterize the thermal behaviour of the drug substances. It was performed by using DSC-60(Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) calorimeter to study the thermal behaviour of selected formulations. The instrument comprised of calorimeter (DSC60), flow controller (FCL60), thermal analyzer (TA60) and operating software(TA 60). The samples were heated in hermetically sealed aluminium pans under nitrogen flow (30ml/min)at a scanning rate of 5Â °C/min from 24 + 1Â °C to 300Â °C. An empty aluminium pan, sealed in the same way as the sample was used as a reference. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Scanning electron microscopy is used to obtain the surface topographical characterization of beads. SEM photographs of prepared formulations were taken with (Instrument JSM-6390)at different magnification ranging from 30 to 5000x at room temperature. The samples were mounted on double sided adhesive tape that has previously been secured on copper stubs. The acceleratio