Anthropological Perspective on Education Reform in Chicago Research Paper

Anthropological Perspective on Education Reform in Chicago - Research Paper Example The Chicago School Reform Act of 1988 has been an away from of the endeavors of administrators in USA to distinguish instructive frameworks that can be possible, as far as the assets accessible, and that guarantee uniformity and quality in training. The above Reform Act has presented a one of a kind plan, the Local School Councils (LSCs). This plan planned to guarantee that understudy learning is kept at significant levels in every single government funded school in Chicago. By and by, it has been demonstrated that the accomplishment of the above objective is identified with numerous difficulties. One of the key shortcomings of LSCs has been its inability to make sure about the support of guardians in basic instructive choices. Obviously, it has been demonstrated that not all guardians are prepared or readiness to help such activities. In any case, it appears that the high larger part of guardians would be prepared to partake in creative plans, for example, the parental systems, for improving their collaboration with their youngsters concerning the learning procedure. The audit of the writing distributed in this field has demonstrated that the contribution of guardians in parental systems would profoundly improve the exhibition of LSCs. Simultaneously, parental systems would help guardians to take an interest all the more effectively in the learning procedure, a reality that would make this procedure increasingly alluring to youngsters. Thus, the parental systems could bolster the expansion of responsiveness of youngsters to learning, either in the short or the long haul. 1. Presentation Education in Chicago is given heavily influenced by the Chicago Board of Education (CBE). The above association, which was first settled in 1840 (CBE 2012), has ‘the duty regarding the administration, authoritative and money related oversight of government funded training in Chicago’ (CBE 2012). Training in Chicago has passed a solid emergency. In 1987, the regionà ¢â‚¬â„¢s state funded schools were considered ‘as the most noticeably awful over the nation’ (CBE 2012). Today, the government funded schools of Chicago are considered as a model of advancement, a reality identified with the Chicago School Reform Act of 1988/89 (CBE 2012). For a long time, training in Chicago government funded schools had been hazardous. The Chicago School Reform Act of 1988 has acquainted all together with assistance towards the decentralization of Chicago’s school, a technique that was relied upon to help the improvement of Chicago’s instructive framework (Soltero 2009, p.58). The expansion of interest of guardians in the neighborhood instructive framework and the upgrade of the intensity of the major to take part in the choices identified with Chicago’s state funded schools were two significant highlights of the Reform Act (Soltero 2009, p.58). The arrangement of equivalent rights to offspring of various racial and financial foun dation has been one of the needs of the Chicago School Reform. The Reform has been founded on the guidelines of ‘1988 Chicago School Reform Act’ (Koval et al. 2006, p.249). The Reform has been started with the goal that two key issues are tended to: a) ‘equality and quality in instruction are secured’ (Koval et al. 2006, p.249), b) the current market requirements for suitably instructed experts are completely secured (Koval et al. 2006, p.249). The foundation of the Local School Councils (LSCs) was considered as a methodology that could instructors to accomplish the above objectives. Through these Councils ‘

The Potential Role of Large Tour Operators for the Implementation

List of chapters Table of figures 2 List of shortened forms 2 Introduction and reason explanation 3 The potential job of enormous visit administrators for the execution of reasonable gracefully chain the board in the travel industry End 5 Bibliography 7 1 Table of figures Fig. 1: Exemplary the travel industry flexibly chain 5 List of shortened forms NGO Non-administrative association SC gracefully chain SSCM feasible flexibly chain the board TOI Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development 2 Introduction and reason statementWith an exponentially developing populace, the movement business is relied upon to develop altogether soon. Simultaneously, unique partner bunches represent a great deal of weight on this industry. Vacationer are picking up familiarity with the negative effects of mass the travel industry on the earth just as socio-monetarily. Subsequently the interest for „green tourismâ€Å"-arrangements is expanding. Moreover, the money related market, governments just as NGOs progressively apply influence on the business to rehearse increasingly supportable the travel industry by methods for legislation.Moreover, a flawless domain is the important resource for the travel industry, saving it implies serving the self-protection of the travel industry. 1 Indisputably, the tra vel industry needs to change into an all the more naturally well disposed and feasible business. The execution of natural administration frameworks just as the arrangement of the entire flexibly tie are significant instruments to help this change. In this paper I picked the visit administrator phase of the gracefully chain as the point of convergence, since it goes about as a connection between the flexibly and request side of tourism.Hereafter, I present how the basic properties of huge visit administrators furnish them with exceptional obligation to advance the usage of practical flexibly chain the board (SSCM) frameworks in the travel industry. The potential job of huge visit administrators for the execution of supportable gracefully chain the board in the travel industry Tourism, the same as different businesses, is sorted out in flexibly chain (SC) structures since its items/administrations are made out of various components as e. g. ransportation, amusement, travel offices and convenience. 2 Aiming for manageability hence intends to make progress toward a drawn out progress of the financial, social and natural execution, of a disconnected organization or item as well as its entire SC. This idea is additionally referred to writing as the â€Å"triple base line†-approach. 3 Suring and Muller characterize SSCM as â€Å"the the board of material, data and capital streams just as participation among organizations along the flexibly chain while taking objectives from every one of the three elements of reasonable turn of events, I. e. monetary, natural and social, into account which are gotten from client and partner requirementsâ€Å". 4 Large visit administrators take after a key job in this star grouping since they have the way to 1 2 Clarke (1997) Sigala (2008) 3 Kleindorfer, Singhal and Van Wassenhove (2005) 4 Seuring and Muller (2002), p. 1700 3 converse coordinations estimation instruments B the board, straightforwardness and partner discourse W orldwide natural announcing of inns, aircrafts, goals, shareholdings and at each progression of the worth chain with a nonstop improvement process ritically surveys thethe practicesidentifying the SCM apparatuses as well as significance of and induceis additionally featured in maintainable SCM impact writing for of the individual providers wholesalers data the execution ? writing; Seuring and Muller [20] announced that insuf? cient or basic achievement factors for executing the previous. of al. [24] identi? ed three SC apparatuses to control the missing SC correspondence a travel industry streams, Cigolini etSSCM-rehearses too asnamely data scattering and volumeisof significant boundary to manageable SCM usage. ools, coordination and control instruments, and association devices. which in a roundabout way impacts the financial advancement of the movement control devices areIt is a piece of Coordination and goals. used to screen and inInformation devices (e. g. online associations, me chanized identi? cation ? uence the dynamic procedure, by estimating exhibitions frameworks, for example, scanner tags and shared databases) are used to their transmit to go about as â€Å"gatekeepers† while linkingand setting rewards basedcustomers. Knowing the providers to the on the accomplishment of specific outcomes. An accumulate, break down, functionand share information, with respect to client information, SC execution decimal standard, including a set start to finish stock status and areas, request status, costs that it becomes evident that visit administrators may likewise essentially performancethe plan bothof parameters that impact measurements of the entire SC (as completely depict the related information and execution status.Data sharing guarantees that apparent by end are frequently bound entertainer of taking an interest individuals will be items areuse of partook in-on the grounds that supplierscustomers, and of each to this the chain), is segments their read y to make made out of a need for guaranteeing dependability and responsibility [25]. development to help plan and convey items that ful? l client Hence, rather than practical cost-arranged measurements prerequisites all the more rapidly and 6effectively.Visibility of position in the SC visit administrators act likewise as hubs for that are regularly dissemination channel. Because of their focal perforachieved to the detriment of another part, coordinated measurements are mance measurements empowers individuals to address creation and quality correspondence between the various elements of required. Be that as it may, inquire about in SCM execution estimation has gives all the more rapidly allowing increasingly coordinated interest arranging. The SC, with correspondence being a basic factor for the effective usage of SSCM-rehearses. The travel industry Demand Providers of the travel industry foundation Hotels, resorts, golf courts, eateries, exhibition halls and other the travel indus try related providers, for example, water and influence gracefully, street framework air terminals and so on Tour administrators Travel Agents Other the travel industry middle people, for example, web sites, goal associations and so forth Leisure explorers Conference voyagers and so forth Direction of cash, records, and data streams Fig. 1. The travel industry gracefully chain. Fig. 1 Exemplary the travel industry gracefully chain (Sigala, 2008, p. 1591) Tour administrators can draw benefits from advancing SSCM-rehearses along their SC.Since any exertion made to make the own item or administration progressively ecological neighborly is seen well among clients (at any rate as long that doesn't drive up the value), the visit administrators can transform this picture improvement into an exceptional selling point. For example TUI utilizes a self-structured condition positioning to assess their items. 8 This looks like a rationale reaction to the developing open consciousness of ecologic al effect of mass the travel industry and goes about as a motivator for the visit administrators to assess the natural execution of their providers (e. . trough ISO 14001, EMAS or comparative accreditation ideas). 9 Even however most of the huge visit administrators do have a supportability arrangements set up, the genuine effect on their business is so far deficient. Visit administrators regularly attempt to legitimize this trough an absence of interest and express that most of clients looks for bundles of the least cost. Yet, the nature of the travel industry items has it, that the voyagers themselves are co-creating the item, while it is being devoured, which makes them section 5 6Tepelus (2005), Budeanu (2009) Van Wijk and Persoon (2006) 7 Sigala (2008) 8 Clarke (1997) 9 Budeanu (2009) 4 of the gracefully chain. 10 as it were, executing a SSCM in the travel industry additionally incorporates the instruction of the shopper. Visit administrators are predestinated for this assignme nt, since their situation in the SC permits them to practice impact over the customers decisions. All things considered, this is asking a great deal from administrators, since the visit working business is an exceptionally serious industry went with generally low overall revenues of about 2% and client devotion being not actually widespread.This likely could be a piece of the motivation behind why a ton of visit administrators seek after â€Å"green washing† without truly captivating in long haul SSCM-changes. 11 Another one of the fundamental issues plainly is the assortment of accreditation plans and the low interest of providers. It is dubious that an individual mark will arrive at a minimum amount in national the travel industry, despite the fact that the foundation of a globally perceived brought together name could be an integral asset: it could assist with decreasing buyer disarray and go about as a marker for quality for those vacationers scanning for green the travel industry administrations, expanding credibility.If visit administrators feel constrained to look for providers conveying this particular name so as to meet their clients needs, additionally providers would need to agree to it in evasion of taking a chance with their business relationship to the visit administrator. This would furnish the administrators with a more extensive scope of ensured items to browse. 12 For this situation, it would need to be guaranteed, that this accreditation can't be acquired by insidious methods or through only an individual assessment to stay away from the claim of â€Å"green washingâ€Å". As of now, most visit administrators apply their own principles, customized to their business exercises. 3 This is somewhat because of the reality, that numerous accreditation plans address little scope the travel industry when it is actually the mass the travel industry that requirements to green the business. In spite of the way that Europe is a precursor in the supportability conversation, there are not really any guidelines in regards to the visit administrator business. Visit administrators should be furnished with more grounded motivating forces and powerful devices to proactively upgrade their own and their SC’s supportability execution. 14 Conclusion Sustainable advancement in the travel industry I

A box of kisses

A box of kisses Some time ago, a man punished his 3-year-old daughter for wasting a roll of gold wrapping paper. Money was tight and he became infuriated when the child tried to decorate a box to put under the Christmas tree.Nevertheless, the little girl brought the gift to her father the next morning and said, This is for you, Daddy. He was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction, but his anger flared again when he found the box was empty.He yelled at her, Dont you know that when you give someone a present, theres supposed to be something inside it? The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and said,Oh, Daddy, it is not empty. I blew kisses into the box. All for you, Daddy.The father was crushed. He put his arms around his little girl, and he begged for her forgiveness. It is told that the man kept that gold box by his bed for years and whenever he was discouraged, he would take out an imaginary kiss and remember the love of the child who had put it there.In a very real sense, each o f us as humans have been given a gold container filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, friends, family and God. There is no more precious possession anyone could hold.

The Medical Model Of Psychopathology - 962 Words

According to Joseph in Psychopathology and Therapeutic Approaches 2001 it was a common view of mental illness in Enlightenment Europe, until the locks to better understanding of mental illness were broken free by the knowledge and clearer understanding of French doctor Philippe Pinell (1745-1826), who mentored Jean-Etienne dominique Esquirol (1772-1840), who was able to â€Å"formally distinguished between the insane, the mentally deficient, and the criminal† (Joseph 1997). According to the medical model, the causes of mental illness may be biological in nature, or they might be psychosocial in nature. All that matters is that they can be known through the methods of empirical science. The medical model holds that mental illness can be treated and prevented by methods derived from scientific research. These kinds of analogies between physical and mental illness form the backbone of the medical model of psychopathology. It has not proved easy to define psychopathology in the abstract. By analogy with the concept of pathology in medicine, psychopathology may be defined as abnormalities in mental structures, processes, and states that give rise to abnormal, deviant behavior (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Psychopathology is by definition the study of the mental disorders. This can be done through observations of an individual, watching their behaviors or engaging with them. Psychopathology has to do with the mental health of a person or t he mental status andShow MoreRelatedStrengths Based Social Work Assessment : Transforming The Dominant Paradigm1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Dominant Paradigm Name Institution Strengths-Based Social Work Assessment: Transforming the Dominant Paradigm Today, the modern medical model worldview bases its functions on the concept of deficit-based and disease process as a means of understanding human behavior, as advanced by the DSM and psychopathology. 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In the past this may have been over looked because scientists were not looking at children to have disorders. Recently scientists have discovered a lot goes into diagnosing children because they areRead More2. Grantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s conceptual model gives us an idea of how stressors, such as major life events, daily1000 Words   |  4 Pages2. Grant’s conceptual model gives us an idea of how stressors, such as major life events, daily hassles, and chronic life events affect our thought process and psychopathology of any situation (Grant, 2003). Stress is the hormonal response of the body and stressors are the factors that causes the stress (Hammer, Lecture). 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How to Show Empathy - 1003 Words

How to Show Empathy: 7 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow http://www.wikihow.com/Show-Empathy How to Show Empathy You are talking to someone, and suddenly he/she tells you something emotional, such as I just lost my job. How do you respond? Respond with empathy, and you will greatly improve your relationship with the other person. But respond as if you do not really care, you could ruin the relationship. Empathy, literally in feeling, is the capability to appreciate, understand, and accept another person s emotions.[1] Showing empathy genuinely is one of the most important interpersonal skills that anyone must master. Steps 1 Listen attentively to what the other person is saying. This will allow you to absorb what†¦show more content†¦Validating others emotions helps to convey acceptance and respect for their emotional experiences. For effective nonverbal communications, appropriate body posture, body movements, caring facial expression, and a gentle, comforting tone are very important. Touch is also very powerful if used appropriately. Being really empathic is simply imagining how you would feel if you were in the other person s place. If you can really picture it, your reactions should come naturally Offering personal support goes beyond words to convey willingness to help. Engaging the other person in a partnership promotes a sense of collaboration, so that the other person can feel part of the solution and that you can be there to help. Make sure you practice this as much as possible to really get it down. This should eventually become second-nature. Reï ¬â€šecting upon what others just said helps to encourage them to talk more about their feelings. Ad FTI Strategic Consulting www.fticonsulting-asia.com Corporate Reputation Planning Contact FTI Consulting Today. Warnings Make sure you show empathy genuinely. The other person can see through insincerity and your relationship thereof would come to an end. Do not tell the person what he or she should have done or should do. Often he or she already knows this. Avoid why questions. Sometimes this comes across as accusatory. Don t be discouraged if you don t do it right the ï ¬ rst few times. Like anything else,Show MoreRelatedThe Development Of Empathy And How Children Show Their Feelings Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesThis literature review focuses on the development of empathy in early childhood, and how children show their feelings in everyday activity. How do you measure empathy? Which methods do you use to observe and measure empathy? What is the best way to improve empathetic and prosocial behavior in young children? These are a few of the questions I had going into this review. 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Comparing The Opening Scenes of the Two Romeo and Juliet...

Comparing The Opening Scenes of the Two Romeo and Juliet Films In this essay I will be comparing two Romeo and Juliet films done by different directors at different times. The first film I will be comparing was directed by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968, which is considered the older version and the other film I will be comparing was directed by Baz Luhrmann in 1996 and this is considered the more recent version of Romeo and Juliet. For each film I will be comparing the opening prologue and opening scene, which lasts about 10 minutes, and both films differ in the way the scenes are set out and shown to the audience. In the more recent film of Romeo and Juliet the prologue is presented in many†¦show more content†¦The music in the background is very churchlike/ religious music to begin with, which then changes to a very fast almost blurred music to signify how fast this has all happened and that the two families mean business. There are also clippings of the city of Verona, where the play is set. There are two big sky scrapers one with Capulet and one with Montague written on the top there is also a church between the two symbolising that the church is trying to bring the two families together to become friends rather than enemies. In the older film of Romeo and Juliet the prologue is set out in a much simpler way when compared to the other film as there is only one male voiceover which is done very slowly and mournfully which gives a very depressing start to the film. During the voiceover the camera is panning across the town, where there is a small market and a few houses. We can also see from the panning that it is early morning and there is a picture of the Sun rising which is significant throughout the play as the characters say that tempers frae in the heat. Throughout the prologue there is also some very courtly/ medieval music to set the scene for the era it is in. 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In order for me to comment on both versions of Romeo and Juliet I will compare the opening shots, the way the main characters are introduced and the types of music and costumes used in each version. Baz Luhrmanns film takes place in contemporary America. The latest Read MoreHatred Between Montagues and Capulets in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1891 Words   |  8 PagesHatred Between Montagues and Capulets in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Task To analyse how Franco Zefferelli and Baz Lurhmann show the hatred between the Montagues and Capulet, which is so strong in the opening sequence of their film version of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Introduction ============ Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is a love story and a tragedy - one of his best known

Nursing Case Study Accute Heart failure

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Case Study for Accute Heart failure. Answer: Explain the pathogenesis causing the clinical manifestations with which Mrs. Brown Presented. The heart failure mostly occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently the blood in the body to meet its needs. Mrs. Brown was diagnosed with an acute heart failure. The acute heart failure constitutes a clinical syndrome known as heterogeneous, in which the pathophysiology is very complex and it is not completely understood. Nonetheless, based on the diversities of the clinical presentations, there are various types of the pathophysiological mechanisms along with some factors that trigger the circulatory decompensation to be involved. Therefore, acute heart failure can be defined as the heterogeneous syndrome of the various signs and the symptoms, which exhibit on the onset rapidly and then worsen the heart failure, which may entail an urgent therapy. (Valente, Voors, Damman, Veldhuisen, Massie, Connor Davison, 2014) The acute heart failure often develops in either days or hours that can be life threatening. During the heart failure, there is a drastic drop in the cardiac ou tput. On the case of Mrs. Brown, her case was an exacerbation of a chronic disease. Various conditions that have led to the chronic heart failure include the high blood pressure, inherited heart defects and coronary disease or the inflamed heart. It is important to note that the heart failure and the cardiovascular disease in general can be genetic. Sometimes one of the chronic conditions can lead to an event of acute. (Valente, Voors, Damman, Veldhuisen, Massie, Connor Davison, 2014) The major causes that may associated with the acute failure are a blood clot in the lungs, an infection; there are severe irregular heartbeats, an allergic reaction and an infection. There are also aspect of the risk factors that can lead to the heart failure and a combination of these factors can increase the heart failure. These are a high blood pressure, having an irregular heartbeat, the sleep apnea which the problem breathing while sleeping. Some of these problem were exhibited by Mrs. Brown like she had arbor normal heart beat, severe dyspnea and her pulse rate was high. (Deedwania, 2012) The pathogenesis causing Mrs. Brown manifestation was systolic failure in which there was a dysfunction on the left ventricle. This was mainly caused by any of the multiple disorders that may damage on the left ventricle on its contractile functions. Some factors that may have caused this condition were insufficient ejection fraction, there was reduced cardiac output on the patient, and there was reduced blood pressure and a fluid retention on the patient. (Valente, Voors, Damman, Veldhuisen, Massie, Connor Davison, 2014) On the reduced cardiac output, the body is not able to compensate for blood that is pumped for the needs of the body. The cardiac output is caused by the inability of the heart to generating enough output, which may lead to the reduced flow of the blood to the brain, and some of the other vital organs. The symptoms may include fatigue, and the low urine output. She also exhibited dyspnea where she had exertional breathlessness where there is an increased pressure on the left ventricle, which may be due to the nocturnal fluid that has been redistributed and enhanced on the renal reabsorption. Explain two high priority-nursing strategies to manage on Mrs. Brown case and provide evidence based rationale for the strategies. One of the strategies the nurse could employ would be an ongoing monitoring and management of the patient. The management of the acute breathlessness can be carried out simultaneously with the diagnosis. When the diagnosis of the acute heart failure are made there should be administering of the diuretic in order to relieve dysponea. Moreover, the dose that is administered should be low to reduce on the fluid congestion and thus balance on the positive action to any of the potential negative effect on the functions of renal. (Gardner, McDonagh Walker, 2007) There is need for the close monitoring of the renal functions, the output of the urine and the balance of the fluid. The ongoing monitoring of the response to the treatment and the cardiopulmonary status is important by the nurses in order to close monitor on the key parameters of haemodynamic. This would help the patient in that there is no under treatment or prevent the underlying condition do not deteriorate further. A warning score that is allocated to the vital signs is outside the pre-agreed ranges. These point are then summed together to provide a single composite score. If the score increases it would identify the patients that would benefit from escalation of the monitoring or even treatment. (Deedwania, 2012) Nonetheless, the escalation and the alterations in the management are made in accordance with the score. The use of the close monitoring strategy entail provision of a care environment where the nurses have adequate time and provide the expertise to be able to identify and respond to any changes that are exhibited on the physiological data. There is recognition between the adaptation between the competences of the nurses and the quality of the care they have provided. Therefore Mrs. Brown would receive an in patient care on the specialized cardiology ward and she would be cared by a nursing staff that have specific expertise in the management of the needs care. Moreover, the nurse would identi fy on the exact model to adapt on her conditions Patient Education strategy The hospital is also an ideal time for provide education in regards to the heart failure the monitoring and the management. In some hospitals on admission are preventable if the heart failure worsening is detected early enough. Some patients families wish to get involved in the self-care in order to monitor on their conditions. There should be introduction of these concepts during the stay in the hospital of the patients. In most of the case there can be a mismatch that exists between ta patients understanding on their management of the heart failure and the information, which is often provided by a health professional. In a survey done it showed that the patients only recalled approximately 45% of advice given on self-care. The study also elaborated that the adherence to the medication was majorly associated with the beliefs of the patient on their medication. (Deedwania, 2012)The ability of the patient to learn and be able to retain the information may be reduced while at the hospi tal due to the high levels of anxieties and the cognitive dysfunction. It is important for the nurses to use the admission of the hospital to provide the patient with the verbal information, which is supported by material that are written. The nurse on the case of Mrs. Brown can use teach back technique where they may ask her to repeat using their own words the information they have provided them. This help to confirm on their understanding and helps the nurse to reparse the information they have not understood. The time spent between the nurse and the patient provide benefits in regards to knowledge retention rate and may be much useful when interacting with individuals who have low education level or the health literacy. 3 a). Effects of IV furosemide and glyceryl trinitrate drugs in relation to the underlying pathogenesis The glyceryl trinitrate drug provides a rapid and a steady therapeutic concentration of the nitrates during the continuous infusion. This drug caused the venodilation when given in low doses, but when given on high doses it dilates both the arteries and the veins. The hemodynamic effect of the drug is to decrease the blood pressure in the preload- this is on the left ventricle when it is filling the pressure. It also determines afterload and decreases the oxygen demand in the myocardial. The IV furosemide drug is an anthranillic acid derivate that is often used as a diuretic. The drug is used to treat the excessive accumulation of the fluid, which may be caused by congestive heart failure. The drug is used to control the hypertension and some of the side effect of the drug are thirst, urination. The dosage is essentially determined by the physician depends to how much fluid is there are how fast it should be removed. These two drugs were used on Mrs. Brown because she had acute heart failure. b) Discuss how to monitor for the respond of the adverse effects of these drugs The physician carefully determines the level of the administration of these drugs. The doctors use the therapeutic monitoring method, which they use to check the effectiveness of the drugs taken the individuals with the heart failure. (Gardner, McDonagh Walker, 2007) Monitoring entails looking at the side effects on the drug like severe vomiting, dizziness, the blood pressure level. The doctors are able to keep the record of the patients in regards to the drugs the patients is taking the side effects and if the medication is working effectively. They also need to get the right balance of the drug and control the side effect of the drug and if they are severe change the medication. C) How to evaluate on the therapeutic effect of the drugs The best diagnostic evaluation of the side effects is to carry a complete history of the symptoms that are exhibited. (Gardner, McDonagh Walker, 2007) It is important for a physician to know when they started, how long they have lasted, how severe they have become and whether the patient had them as before. Moreover, the doctor should ask about the history of the patient on the family member history. The treatment outcome of the side effects depends on the evaluation that is done. The therapeutic doses of these drugs will tend to reduce the systolic, diastolic and arteries pressure. The concentration of these drugs should not be mixed to the other drugs. References Deedwania, P. C. (2012). Heart failure. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Gardner, R. S., McDonagh, T. A., Walker, N. L. (2007). Heart failure. Oxford: Oxford University Press McMurray, J. J., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Bhm, M., Dickstein, K., ... Jaarsma, T. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. European journal of heart failure, 14(8), 803-869. Nieminen, M. S., Bhm, M., Cowie, M. R., Drexler, H., Filippatos, G. S., Jondeau, G., ... Rhodes, A. (2005). Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure. European heart journal, 26(4), 384-416. Selby, V. N., Teerlink, J. R. (2013). Whats new in the treatment of acute heart failure?. Current cardiology reports, 15(9), 1-9. Valente, M. A., Voors, A. A., Damman, K., Van Veldhuisen, D. J., Massie, B. M., O'Connor, C. M., ... Davison, B. (2014). Diuretic response in acute heart failure: clinical characteristics and prognostic significance. European heart journal, 35(19), 1284- 1293.

Communism In The World Essays - Communism, Socialism,

Communism In The World Both communism and liberalism maintain with complete certainty that the destruction of the existing society will give birth to a new form of human existence at the least approaching utopia. They are what Daniel Chirot dubbed 'tyrannies of certitude'. A particular group of people has been responsible for blocking the happy development for centuries. In the case of communism it was capitalists, in the case of liberalism it is 'racists' - nearly all of whom are of course white. No! One must be harsh to build the new society and not make excuses. All white people are 'racists' and must pay the inevitable penalty. Few people know that the word 'racism' was invented by Leon Trotsky, one of the principal architects of the communist nightmare. The rightness of the cause dictates that a political architecture of lies rather than reasoned argument is permissible if necessary to bring about the result. Since no one will willingly give up their human identity, and that is what we are being asked to do, lies will, in fact, be indispensable. The communists aimed at eradicating 'bourgeois consciousness'. The liberals are systematically eradicating our history and identity from schools to ensure pliancy before the onslaught of anti-white bias in everything from newspapers to employment law. In this they are unlikely to succeed. The Russian and Yugoslav experience under communism has shown the persistency of racial and cultural identity. Doubters concerning the wisdom of the new arrangements are to be hunted down and destroyed - under communism they were dubbed capitalist spies and saboteurs, under liberalism it is 'racists' - a sound catch-all term of abuse for any white person opposing their own marginalisation. The 'racists' are well-organised and to blame for nearly everything which goes wrong according to authority, just like the 'counter-revolutionaries, western spies and saboteurs' in the heyday of communism. Under communism the newspapers would say 'capitalist spy ring raided'. Under liberalism we read 'police target racist groups'. In both cases good citizens are to congratulate themselves on the skill and wisdom of the authorities in protecting them from disruptions to the relentless march towards paradise on earth so evident on Soviet collective farms and now in Britain's inner-cities. If communism was not delivering the goods then even more stringent action was needed to eradicate the source of the trouble. Since it had been scientifically proven that communism would deliver, what possible other cause could there be for failure except disruption by malcontents? If people do not actually enjoy mass immigration and the so-called 'multiracial society', it must surely be the work of similar malcontents. Liberal theory is flawless. Like communism, it presents itself as scientifically-based - an abundancy of pseudo-sociological tosh underpins its thinking - and dictates a historically-inevitable outcome in which we all celebrate the fact that we have as little in common with the people we live with as possible. Supposed 'historical inevitability' as a weapon of political language has been filched from communism and creeps into every liberal initiative. It is used, for example, to forward the European federal superstate project. Both liberals and communists maintain that their systems can never be wrong. It is rather like the jesuitical argument that no innocent person has ever been hanged. Since all those hanged have been convicted by a court, they are by legal definition guilty! It is this feature - the refusal to admit to possible error in the theory - which makes liberalism as totalitarian in nature as communism and why it must be unmasked as the monster it really is. The rulers, too, can never be wrong since they are applying a system which can never err. They are relieved of all responsibility. Notice how no one in government within Britain today takes responsibility for anything! Blair has brought the tactic to a fine art. How is it that white people could been so hoodwinked as many are in our country? A system which targets us for destruction is met with passivity and acquiescence. We can learn a lot from the experience of communism. Most people assume that government is broadly competent. The latest theory must have some sense in it, people say, or it would not

Physical properties and change essays

Physical properties and change essays A physical change occurs when an object goes through a change that doesnt alter its chemical nature. A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Physical properties can be observed or measured with out changing the type of matter. A physical property doesnt describe a change; it tells what the substance is composed of. Although a physical change doesnt alter the state of the element. There are many parts in a physical change and variables in a physical property. Physical properties can be observed without changing the type of matter. Examples of physical properties include: texture, shape, size, color, odor, volume, mass, weight, and density. An example of a physical change occurs when making a baseball bat. Wood is carefully crafted into a shape which will allow a batter to best apply force on the ball. Even though the wood has changed shape and therefore physical properties, the chemical nature of the wood has not been altered. The bat and the original piece of wood are still the same chemical substance. A physical change is a change in matter that involves no chemical reaction. When a substance undergoes a physical change, the composition of its molecules remains unchanged, and the substance does not lose its chemical identity. Melting, evaporating, and freezing are three types of physical change. For example, water (H2O) is a liquid that freezes to form the solid ice, which may again be melted into water. Because molecules of water and ice are composed of the same chemical elements in the same proportions, the change from water to ice is a physical change. Physical changes include any alteration in the shape and size of a substance. For example cutting, grinding, crushing, annealing, dissolving, or emulsifying produce physical changes. Still another physical change is sublimation, the change from a solid to a gas. According to Reeves physical Changes are those that do not involve changes in ...

Delivering Education To The Poor Via The Mobile Phone Essay

Delivering Education To The Poor Via The Mobile Phone - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the potential use of mobile phones for educational purposes among poor people. In order to cover all aspects of the issue under examination the research developed for this study has been based on both theory and empirical findings. In this context, this paper has been structured as follows: a) in the Introductory section the theme of the study is briefly presented, b) in the literature review section, the existing theories in regard to learning are presented; the theories and views presented in this section help to understand whether online education could fully cover the educational needs of poor people; c) the next part of the study is the Research question and method where the terms under which empirical studies have been involved in this paper are presented; d) the findings of the empirical studies are presented in another section, the Analysis and Results section; e) in the Discussion and Implications section the practical implications of the use of mobi le phones in education and the potential benefits of such educational approach for poor people are made clear; f) the conclusions developed from the findings of the literature and the empirical research are presented in the Conclusion section of the paper where recommendations are also made for increasing the effectiveness of mobile phones when used for covering the educational needs of poor people. ... ented in the Conclusion section of the paper where recommendations are also made for increasing the effectiveness of mobile phones when used for covering the educational needs of poor people. 2. Literature Review Online learning has been proved as an effective scheme to respond to certain educational needs that cannot be covered otherwise. At the same time, online learning can be used as a complementary educational tool for saving time and cost in the delivery of curriculum (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). However, in practice, online learning have resulted to key major problems: a) the lack of safety in regard to the work of each student and b) the creation of inequalities according to the technology used for accessing online learning programs (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). Indeed, it seems that there is mechanism for guaranteeing the protection of the work of each student in the context of an online learning program even if the development of technology related to online learning has been impressive (Bach, Haynes and Smith 2007). Moreover, online learning has led to the increase of the gap between rich and poor students: the former are able to use advanced technology for participating in online learning programs, a fact that promotes inequality in education (Illeris 2008). Under these terms, it would be necessary to review how the use of mobile phones as a tool for supporting the educational needs of poor people would be feasible and which measures should be taken for securing the quality of education provided through this mechanism. The performance of individuals in team-working and in handling advanced technology has been often considered as a significant advantage, even higher from these persons’ educational background (Remenvi 2008). In particular, the ability of

MQP Markiting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MQP Markiting - Assignment Example Following the vision and mission is the present market condition of Buxton, based on which are the marketing strategies and tactics. These marketing strategies will depend upon the current demand, rivals in the market, present customer perception and current market share. Vision and mission of Buxton water Buxton water aims to establish its natural spring water as an item which carries the same daily importance as bread and milk. Seen earlier as a premium product, bottled water should now be included in normal diet and water intake of people. Hygiene, purity and health should not be compromised with even abundant things like water. Present market condition Presently, Buxton water is sold under the brand name of Nestle which is renowned for its eatables and beverages. However, bottled water is something which still needs to be known to a majority of population who consider it as a luxury item. Especially in UK, masses are unaware of healthy hydration and rely on tap water. Buxton is c ontinuously rising as a brand in UK but this is the time when it has to establish its name and brand to do away with initial competition. ... Sporting events are the biggest demanders of bottled water where long term contracts are signed with renowned bottled water companies. Health of sportsmen and officials is of utmost importance and no compromises are done even with the water brand. Buxton water can encash this opportunity by sponsoring various sports events and tournaments (ECB n.d). Generally it is found that sportsmen are the idols of millions and people try to imitate the lifestyle, habits and even brands which these sports personalities use. If popular stars are using Buxton water, it will automatically spread the message of healthy hydration and benefits which Buxton garners. With the support of sports stars, Buxton can also organize its own events in which consumers can participate. It will allow interactive sessions between the company and the consumers, bringing them closer to the brand and associating themselves more closely with the message of healthy hydration. Details of sponsored events can also be given on the packaging to add value and awareness of company’s strategies. Packaging Packaging serves as a ‘silent salesman’ in the field of marketing because apart from differentiating the brand from that of its competitors, packaging also carries advertising appeal and convincing power. For products like groceries, bottled water and other eatables, packaging is essential to convey healthy diet messages and benefits of the product to the consumers. Buxton water attaches greater significance to healthy hydration and Corporate Social Responsibility drive in which packaging will promote strategy of Buxton water. To incorporate packaging principles, Buxton water should go

Leadership Management and Motivation in Organisation

Leadership Management and Motivation in Organisation As the century unfolds, new realities are becoming clearer. New models of Leadership and Management are blossoming, some with unfounded success. For instance, focusing on working better as teams and empowering those closest to the customers to make important decisions have led to great accomplishments (Kurtzman, 2010). Management is often referred to words like efficiency, planning, paperwork, procedures, regulations, control, and consistency whereas Leadership is often associated with words like vision, creativity and risk-taking (Yukl, 2005). It has also been said that management is basically a control-laden activity; whereas leadership is basically a value-choosing, and thus a value-laden activity (Bass et al., 1990). Overall Management is defined as The organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results (Burgoyne, 1989). Leadership is defined as A process in which leader and followers interact in a way that enables the leader to influence the actions of the followers in a non-coercive way, towards the achievement of certain aims or objectives (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002) In Kotters (1996) view Management relates to planning, controlling and organising whereas leadership relates to visioning, networking, creating, coping with change and building relationship. Leadership is often considered grander, more lucrative and admirable, in a word: better, than the less visible, fundamentally based, management (Hughes et al., 2009). The relationship between management and leadership is summarised in Appendix 1. From this we can argue are managers leaders or vice versa. As Zaleznik (1977) claims that in a bureaucratic society which breeds managers may restrain young leaders who need mentor and emotional interchange to develop. But Raelin (2004) argued that managers are not excluded from leadership. He says there is a potential for leadership to emerge from any individual under the right sets of circumstances. I would argue from my personal experience that managers can be leaders and vice versa depending on individual capabilities, skills and adapting change, as in Lloyds banking Group (LBG) we have managers as our team leaders and are quite successful in switching their roles and understanding the responsibilities of both managers and leaders. The concept was that as managers have some formal authority to influence subordinates behaviour they can easily occupy the role of leadership. However, just because the authority was there, it did not mean that subordinates will willingly assent to its use. There had been issues initially when they find it hard to switch over and look from leaders point of view, which caused problems in bonding with employees and lack of motivation. This resulted in getting all the managers trained on leadership programmes and understanding the needs or requirements of employees from their leaders. This was again based on how individual managers reacted to situations where they were able to keep their managerial ego aside and think as a team. Some of the managers were very good at switching over and thinking from a team perspective whereas some struggled. Overall we can argue that Zaleznik argument regarding management and leadership requires different types of people can be true, if an individual cannot cope with the changing organisation requirements. But in LBG we have seen that managers successfully play leaders role and vice versa to save cost or to adapt change and thus falsify Zalezniks argument. But as Rollinson and Broadfield (2002) often focus on managers can be leaders, this is not an inevitable state of affairs. Even though it is widely assumed that leadership can be taught to anybody, it is probably far more realistic to regard management and leadership as two complementary activities (Kotter, 1988), each one having its own unique functions. Motivation Quality work being top priority in organisations all over world as the use of contingent workers is on the rise. Managing knowledge workers continues to perplex experienced managers across divergent industries. And globalization and the challenges of managing across borders are now the norm instead of the exception. These changes can have a profound influence on how companies attempt to attract, retain, and motivate their employees (Steers et al., 2004) Motivation, in contrast, results when the person believes that engaging in the behaviour will result in some desired experience or outcome. Motivation is then differentiated into intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (Herzberg et al., 1957) Intrinsic Motivation is where people may be motivated by the relationship between the worker and the task. It takes place when people feel that the work they do is interesting, challenging and have opportunities for advancement and growth. Extrinsic Motivation takes place when people may be motivated by factors in the external environment such as pay, supervision, benefits, and job perks The process of motivation is broadly based on a number of motivational theories. In this paper we will asses few motivational theories (Appendix 2) and asses these theories to identify what motivates people. Instrumental Theory: Initially in the second half of 19th century a concept of Instrumental Theory stated that people work only for money. Motivation using this approach is exclusively based on system of external control and fails to recognise a number of other human needs (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005). Maslow Needs Theory: The basic of this theory is the belief that an unsatisfied need creates tension and disequilibrium. Maslow (1954) formulated the concept of hierarchy of needs and believed that reasons people go to work changes. It starts from the fundamental physiological needs and leads through safety, social and esteems needs to the need for self-fulfilment. He believed that only an unsatisfied need can motivate behaviour and the dominant need is the prime motivator of behaviour. Herzbergs Two-Factor Model (Motivation-Hygiene): Herzbergs (1957) theory sates that the factors giving rise to job satisfaction are distinct from the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction. His research led him to conclude that hygiene factors such as pay, status, security, company policies and administration were rarely high motivators. People tend to take fringe benefits and good working conditions for granted, but when they are removed they had a highly demotivating effect. A salary increase had a short-term motivating effect when it was felt to be deserved, while what was felt to be an unfair salary was a long-lasting demotivator. Overall all these theories adopt a psychologically universal view, which assumes that everyone has a common set of needs and conveys the impression that people are predictable in terms of what motivates them. Moreover all these theories mostly ignore the crucial issue of individual differences and also to the potentially powerful effects of different national and organisational cultures as factors that can shape human needs (Bagher, 2010). In a work environment, it is sometimes viewed as the difference between what people can do and what they will do. In the practical workplace LBG uses various motivation models one of the highly used motivational models is Support and Challenge Principles Model. Support and Challenge Principles Model (Sheppard Moscow, 1980): This model suggests that to achieve working relationship requires a balance of appropriate and agreed supportive and challenging behaviours. The two axes of support and challenge when put together create four potential workplace environments as shown in fig below: High Support Comfortable high S performance performance U environment environment P P O R T apathetic stressful performance performance environment environment CHALLENGE High Challenge To get the most from your working relationships, it is important to agree how best to work together to maximise performance and minimise tension. One way of thinking about this is to think of in the terms of developing a way of working that is both challenging and supportive. The list of behaviours in each of the categories is detailed in Appendix 3. Different roles and situations will use different mixes of these two categories and depending upon the situation, the same individual can find any of these conditions or characteristics supporting or challenging. If the workplace situation remains very comfortable or alphabetic for a long time, then additional challenges will stimulate the move towards high performance. On the other hand if the workplace situation remains very stressful for too long, then support to help manage the implications is highly effective. Though, there will be times when short periods of high challenges or high support are appropriate e.g. at the end of a particular busy period, comfort is a reward and high challenges can be very stimulating and energising in short bursts (LBG, 2011). Managements main interest in motivation is in the prospects it offers for bringing employee behaviour under tight control. Thus what interest managers most is not the process of motivation but employee behaviour. However we can hardly blame managers for believing that motivation theory offers this opportunity, because content and process theories both imply that if we know o persons needs, the person can be motivated (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005). Thus from the above we have seen different aspects of motivation and it might appear that there is an element of contradiction in what they say. Content theories deal with the needs that give rise to motivated behaviour, but perhaps oversimplify matters because they tend to portray human beings as having a homogenous set of needs. Nevertheless, as long as due allowance is made for individual differences, this does not detract from their potential usefulness. Process theories have a different emphasis: they seek to explain the dynamics of the motivation process and so much greater account is taken of individual differences (Bagher, 2010). Leadership Historically, leadership has been conceived around a single individual in a specialised role, the relationship of that individual to subordinates or followers, and the individuals actions. There are several major paradigms of leadership (Appendix 4), such as the traits (great man), skills and styles approaches, situational and contingency approaches, charismatic and transformational approaches (Northouse, 2007, p2; Bass, 1990). Action-Centred Leadership The action-centred theory of leadership is based on extensive research by John Adairs (1984), which focuses on the group and the needs that leader must meet. Adair argues that there are eight functions you must carry out, to meet these needs. These functions can be learned, practised, observed and refined. Source: (Bagher, 2010: 186) Task need: A team leader needs to bring together the group to achieve a task by providing clear instructions and reasons so each member must know and understand what is expected of them. Team need: Good leaders create groups which function best when they share the sense of purpose along with collaborating work efficiently, effectively, with a sense of pride and responsibility by maintaining or setting new standards. Individual need: People or individuals are heart of any team but they have physical and psychological needs like better working conditions, status, opportunities to develop, build confidence and motivation. From this it follows that being effective as a leader is not just a matter of choosing a specific style of behaviour, but arriving at an appropriate balance between the three functions. Encouraging communication between team members is key to creating a team that will continue to work well when the leader is absent. This resilience is valuable and might be referred to as team sustainability. Leadership Power The link between leadership and power is a strong one and many of the theories of leadership can equally be framed as theories of power. Effective leading depends on relying on different power bases at different times as per need. At its simplest, the way you wield power to get compliance can be appropriate or inappropriate. Appropriate use of power can be described as influence, while inappropriate use can be described as bullying. Source: French and Raven (1960) References Armstrong, M. and Stephens, T. (2005) Employee Reward Management and Practice, London: Kogan Page Limited. Bagher, M. (2010) Organisational Behaviour: a contemporary approach, 2nd Edition, Harlow: Pearson. Bass, B., Bass, B. and Stogdill, R. (1990) Bass Stogdills Handbook of Leadership, New York: Simon Schuster. Burgoyne, J. (1989) Management Development: Context and Strategies, Aldershot: Gower. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. (1957) The Motivation to Work, New York: Wiley Hughes, R., Ginnett, R. and Curphy, G. (2009) Leadership, 6th ed., Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kotter, J. (1988) The Leadership Factor, New York: Free Press. Kotter, J. P. (1996) Leading Change, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Kurtzman, J. (2010) Common Purpose: How Great Leaders Get Organizations to Achieve the Extraordinary, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Maslow, A. (1954) Motivation and Personality, New York: Harper Row. Raelin, J. A. (2004) Dont bother putting leadership into people, Academy of Management Executive, 18(3): 12-28. Rollinson, D. and Broadfield, A. (2002) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. Steers, R., Mowday, R. and Shapiro, D. (2004) The Future of Work Motivation Theory, Academy of Management Review, 29(3): 379-387. Yukl, G. (2005) Leadership in Organizations, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Zaleznik, A. (1977) Managers and Leaders: are they different?, Harvard Business Review, (May/June) 55(3): 67-77. French, J. P. R., and Raven, B. (1960) The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright and A. Zander (eds.), Group dynamics (pp. 607-623), New York: Harper and Row. Appendix 1 A Comparison of Management and Leadership Competencies. Source: Northouse, 2007, p. 10. Appendix 2 Summary of Motivation Theories and their practical implications Theory Theorist Summary of theory Practical implications Instrumentality Taylor People will be motivated to work if rewards and penalties are tied directly to their performance. Conceptual basis of incentives and pay for performance schemes. Needs Maslow Unsatisfied needs create tension and disequilibrium. To restore the balance a goal is identified which will satisfy the need, and a behaviour pathway is selected which will lead to the achievement of the goal. Only unsatisfied needs motivate. Identifies a number of key needs for consideration in developing total reward policies. Two-Factor Herzberg The factors giving rise to job satisfaction (and motivation) are distinct from the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction. Any feeling of satisfaction resulting from pay increase is likely to be short-lived compared with the long-lasting satisfaction from the work itself. Makes a distinction between intrinsic motivation arising from the work itself and extrinsic motivation provided by employer, e.g. pay. A useful distinction is made between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation which influences total reward decisions. The limited motivational effects of pay increases are worth remembering when considering the part contingent pay can play in motivating people. Expectancy Vroom Motivation is likely only when a clear perceived and usable relationship exists between performance and outcome and the outcome is seen as a means of satisfying needs. Provides the foundation for good practice in the design and management of contingent pay. The basis for the concept of the line of sight which emphasises the importance of establishing a clear link between the reward and what has to be done to achieve it. Goal Latham and Locke Motivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals, when the goals are difficult but accepted and when there is feedback on performance. Provides a theoretical underpinning for performance management processes to ensure that they contribute to motivation through goal setting and feedback. Equity Adams People will be better motivated if they are treated equitably and de-motivated if they are treated inequitably. Emphasis the need to develop an equitable reward system involving the use of job evaluation. Source: (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005) Definitions of key Job Dimensions Job Dimensions Definition Work Satisfaction: The extent to which an employee is satisfied with work, including opportunities for creativity and task variety, allowing an individual to increase his or her knowledge, changes in responsibility, amount of work, security, and job enrichment (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990; Smith et al, 1969) Pay Satisfaction: The extent to which an employee forms an attitude toward pay based on perceived difference between actual pay and the expected pay. Expected pay is based on the value of perceived inputs and outputs of the job and the pay of other employees holding similar jobs or possessing similar qualifications (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990) Supervision Satisfaction: The extent to which an employee is satisfied with his or supervision, as measured by consideration and employee-centred actions of the supervisor and the perceived competency of the supervisor by the subordinate (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990, Herzberg et al, 1957) Satisfaction with promotions: The degree to which an employee is satisfied with the Companys promotion policy, including frequency of promotions, and the desirability of promotions (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990, Herzberg et al 1957) Co-workers Satisfaction: The work-related interaction and the mutual liking or admiration of fellow employees (Bazler and Smith et al, 1990, Smith et al, 1969, Alderfer, 1969) Overall Job Satisfaction: The extent to which an individuals desires, expectations and needs are fulfilled by employment (Szilagi, Sims, and Terrill, 1977) Appendix 3 WHEN SUPPORTING EXPLORE Ideas Build on STRENGTHS Offer HELP and guidance Ask OPEN questions LISTEN actively Give PRAISE DISCLOSE similar experiences TRUST intentions WHEN CHALLENGING Ask PROBING questions Point out AVOIDANCE behaviour Offer ALTERNATIVE opinions Tell people what you EXPECT Share FEELINGS State COSEQUENCES Set STRETCHING targets ASSERT your views Having Things Like Resources Time Funding Direction Guidance Assistance Ideas Tools or Methods Willing collaborators A climate of openness and honesty Emotional support Having Things Like Confronting feedback from others New opportunities Unfamiliar grounds Doing things in a different way Working with fresh people Learning new behaviours New tools or processes Demanding stakeholders High work volumes Tight timescales Personal ambition

Ancient Roman Laws Essay -- Roman History

Ancient Roman Laws Although the history of Rome's regal period is based in large part on legend, and was so in antiquity, tradition was strong, and many of Rome's laws and customs, committed to writing much later, have their roots in the distant past. Ancient Rome had many different types of law in government. Out of all of the ancient Roman laws, the Julian Marriage laws, the laws of the kings, and the Justinian Codes, are some of them. The Julian Marriage laws were very specific and determined. Emperor Augustus notice social problems at Rome, and he detected that extravagance and adultery were very common in the Roman Government. In the upper classes, marriages varied; and when people did marry, they didn‘t create children. After this issue was found, Augustus brought both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome together by increasing the population of native Italians in Italy. He did this by creating laws to encourage marriage and having children, and started laws to make the act of adultery a crime. Some of the laws created by Augustus included that men must marry. This law was to help the Roman Government gain a bigger population from the children of all the married couples. To enforce this law, he gave what was called prizes for having children and marrying. Although they were based on marriage, the major role in this law was adultery. These prizes were mainly tax reductions and awards. Since more males existed than females among the nobility, he allowed anyone that had wanted to marry freedwomen, and said that births of children in these such marriages would be legal and rightful. He made new laws and changed some of the old ones, for example, the sumptuary law. Laws like the sumptuary law were on a basis of adultery. There were many consequences of adultery in the Roman Empire. These consequences were mainly involved with killings. One of the laws stated that a husband who finds his wife in adultery can only kill the adulterer when he catches him in his own house. Another law concluded that a husband cannot kill anyone in adultery except persons who are well-known and prostitutes, including slaves. His wife, however, is liable and he is forbidden to kill her. Adultery also restricted killings for adultery, for example; if a son under h is fathers power, should surprise his daughter in the act of adultery, the law says that h... ...he Digest. The Institutione was a book that was mainly copied from the institutes of Gaius. It was considered beginners text book and a book of statutes. Most of the rules in this textbook/book of statutes became laws in many countries. The Pandectae was a collection of fragments from academic papers. All of its legal opinions were given legal force, just like the Institutione had given the legal force. The Codex and the Digest wasn’t as complicated as the Institutione and the Pandectae but was the most important out of the four. The Codex was just mainly a collection of imperial statutes, and the Digest was basically a casebook covering many trials and decisions. In conclusion, many Ancient Roman laws have been the origin of the laws we find in our society. Other laws in the Ancient Rome period have been the origin of other countries too. All of these laws have helped create our laws in America by looking at mistakes and great ideas of the Ancient Roman government. The Roman Laws are thought as legend, but some still think of it as realistic. You could compare the Justinian Codes greatly to our three branches of government, when there were four books. All the powers split up.

Macbeth: a Timeless Tale

Shakespearean Macbeth tells a timeless tale of ambition, greed and treachery. Its themes are universal in nature, as Is the construction of a tragic hero and for these reasons It continues to be relevant to audiences today. The litany of Interpretations and adoptions such as Polonaise's 1 971 classic, give credence to the argument that Macbeth remains relevant. Macbeth, In a fashion similar to modern teens (or so the media would have us believe) has a great deal of trouble deciding the difference between moral and moral during his rise to power. Consequently, Shakespearean message is as relevant today as it was during the Elizabethan era.Macbeth is introduced as a kinsman to the Scottish King and a brave and successful military general (l,ii, 15-23), thus earning the praise and esteem of the unfortunately though, he (perhaps Like many In my audience) allows himself to be Influenced by those â€Å"whose horrid image, doth unfix† his hair and â€Å"make his seated heart knock a t his ribs†, who prophesy both further titles and kingship, immediately arousing Machete's ambition (l, Ill, 127-129). This conflict between good and evil is not only confined to Shakespearean play. It is a theme that we see repeated over and over again in contemporary literature and film.As a character, Macbeth is magnificent. He represents the Internal battle that forms the plot for the ma]orally of highly regarded modern films and texts such as Pollack's Macbeth. Initially Macbeth is ambitious, but lacks the evil qualities that often see ambition fulfilled. He also, as his wife points out, is not unscrupulous enough (l, v, 4-24) nor ready to give up the honor and ‘golden opinions' he has won. He has hysterical courage but not the moral courage needed to stand against his more determined, strong willed wife who questions his love for her and his manhood (l, vii, 39-50).In committing regicide he violates the better part of his nature; he is so bent on putting evil on ev il he becomes â€Å"steeped â€Å"so far in blood that â€Å"returning were as tedious as go lb, 136-138). The troubling question of gender representation is one that continues to be debated. 1 OFF audiences. Initially, characters in Macbeth dwell on issues of gender. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband by questioning his manhood, wishes that she herself could e â€Å"unsexes,† and does not contradict Macbeth when he says that a woman like her should give birth only to boys.Similarly, Macbeth provokes the murderers he hires to kill Banquet by questioning their manhood. Such acts show that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth equate masculinity with violence and aggression. Their understanding of manhood allows the political order depicted in the play to descend into chaos. As in the multitude of controversial texts today, female characters are the source of violence and evil. The witches' prophecies arouse Machete's ambitions and then encourage his violent behavior; Lady Macbeth provides the brains and the will behind her husband's plotting.Macbeth traces the root of chaos and evil to women. While the male characters are Just as violent and prone to evil as the women, the aggression of the female characters is more striking because it goes against prevailing expectations of how women ought to behave. Ultimately, however, the play ends with a revised and less destructive definition of manhood. Malcolm consoles Macadam on the news of his family murder by encouraging him to take the news in â€Å"manly' fashion, by seeking revenge upon Macbeth. Macadam indicates however, that Malcolm has a mistaken understanding of masculinity.To Malcolm suggestion, â€Å"Dispute it like a man,† Macadam replies, â€Å"l shall do so. But I must also feel it as a man† (IV. Iii. 221-223). Also, at the end of the play, Seward reacts to his son's death complacently. Malcolm responds: â€Å"He's worth more sorrow [than you have expressed] / And that I'll spend for h im† (V. 1 1 . 16-17). Malcolm comment shows that he has learned the lesson Macadam gave him on the sentient nature of true masculinity. It also suggests that, with Malcolm coronation, order will be stored to the Kingdom of Scotland.Macbeth with its frightening paranormal undertones will pique the interest of a generation already obsessed with the supernatural. No remake can match Shakespearean representation of the witches. Polonaise's opening scene for example, , was rather poorly done. He made the witches look so grotesquely ugly that they distracted the audience from the important plot element of the scene: what they were saying. Unfortunately, this too was clouded: their screeching voices and constant giggling made them difficult to understand.A witness to the film unfamiliar tit the play or Shakespearean dialogue would have been left without any idea as to the importance of the scene. Undoubtedly the underlining of the plot of Macbeth is highlighted with events that have paranormal roots. The witches, both the bloody dagger that entices Macbeth towards Dunce's chamber and the ghost of Banquet are mystical in origin. â€Å"Art thou not a fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight†¦? Or false creation† (II, l, 41 , 42). Shortly after Dunce's death, his horses eat each other in frenzy, symbolizing the murder of the king, which leads to this imbalance in nature.Another relevant lesson on life, we can learn from Shakespeare, is that appearances are often deceptive. In Macbeth, things are seldom what they seem; â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair†. From the beginning, the play is full of ambiguity and double meanings. The play opens on a day that is extremely foul in weather and extremely fair (the battle has Just been won). The subsequent prophecies â€Å"cannot be ill, cannot be good†. In order to disguise their real motives, Lady Macbeth advises her husband to ‘look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under i t†. One of Dunce's sons ladled out â€Å"Murder! In his sleep, but the other one laughed! Does Lady Macbeth really faint? Or does she simply pretend to faint to divert attention from her husband's overacting? Does Lady Macbeth commit suicide? What is Lady Macbeth writing in her sleepwalking scene? A confession? A suicide note? A last love letter to a neglectful husband? There is also much discussion about clothing clothes provide both an identity but also conceal who you are. Point being? Beware the wolf in sheep's clothing! In conclusion, Shakespearean deeper purpose is to show us our own lives and make s think.The key question that Shakespeare seems to ask is this: is human society fundamentally amoral? This is a question that continues to challenge audiences. Consequently, Shakespeare movies are so numerous; they form their own sub genre. With over 250 Shakespeare movies produced, Shakespeare film adaptations such as Bag Loran's â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, prove that S hakespearean plays have an enduring appeal. Macbeth is the Dearth Evader of Star Wars, or if you like, Lord Voltmeter of Harry Potter; ignore his lessons at you own peril. Thank You

Use OptionParser to Parse Commands in Ruby

In the article discussing OptionParsers features we discussed some of the reasons that make using OptionParser in Ruby preferable to looking through ARGV manually to parse commands by hand. Now its time to get down to learning how to use OptionParser and its features. The following boilerplate code will be used for all the examples in this tutorial. To try any of the examples, simply put the examples opts.on block next to the TODO comment. Running the program will print the state of the options has and ARGV, allowing you to examine the effects of your switches. #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire optparserequire pp# This hash will hold all of the options# parsed from the command-line by# OptionParser.options {}optparse OptionParser.new do|opts|# TODO: Put command-line options here# This displays the help screen, all programs are# assumed to have this option.opts.on( -h, --help, Display this screen ) doputs optsexitendend# Parse the command-line. Remember there are two forms# of the parse method. The parse method simply parses# ARGV, while the parse! method parses ARGV and removes# any options found there, as well as any parameters for# the options. Whats left is the list of files to resize.optparse.parse!pp Options:, optionspp ARGV:, ARGV Simple Switch A simple switch is an argument with no optional forms or no parameters. The effect will be to simply set a flag in the options hash. No other parameters will be passed to the on method. options[:simple] falseopts.on( -s, --simple, Simple argument ) dooptions[:simple] trueend Switch with Mandatory Parameter Switches that take a parameter only need to state the parameter name in the long form of the switch. For example, -f, --file FILE means the -f or --file switch takes a single parameter called FILE, and this parameter is mandatory. You cannot use either -f or --file without also passing it a parameter. options[:mand] opts.on( -m, --mandatory FILE, Mandatory argument ) do|f|options[:mand] fend Switch with Optional Parameter Switch parameters dont have to be mandatory, they can be optional. To declare a switch parameter optional, place its name in brackets in the switch description. For example, --logfile [FILE] means the FILE parameter is optional. If not supplied, the program will assume a sane default, such as a file called log.txt. In the example, the idiom a b || c is used. This is just shorthand for a b, but if b is false or nil, a c. options[:opt] falseopts.on( -o, --optional [OPT], Optional argument ) do|f|options[:opt] f || nothingend Automatically Convert to Float OptionParser can automatically convert argument to some types. One of these types is Float. To automatically convert your arguments to a switch to Float, pass Float to the on method after your switch description strings. Automatic conversions are handy. Not only do they save you the step of converting the string to the desired type, but also check the format for you and will throw an exception if it is formatted incorrectly. options[:float] 0.0opts.on( -f, --float NUM, Float, Convert to float ) do|f|options[:float] fend Some other types that OptionParser can convert to automatically include Time and Integer. Lists of Arguments Arguments can be interpreted as lists. This can be seen as converting to an array, as you converted to Float. While your option string can define the parameter to be called a,b,c, OptionParser will blindly allow any number of elements in the list. So, if you need a specific number of elements, be sure to check the array length yourself. options[:list] []opts.on( -l, --list a,b,c, Array, List of parameters ) do|l|options[:list] lend Set of Arguments Sometimes it makes sense to restrict arguments to a switch to a few choices. For example, the following switch will only take a single mandatory parameter, and the parameter must be one of yes, no or maybe. If the parameter is anything else at all, an exception will be thrown. To do this, pass a list of acceptable parameters as symbols after the switch description strings. options[:set] :yesopts.on( -s, --set OPT, [:yes, :no, :maybe], Parameters from a set ) do|s|options[:set] send Negated Forms Switches can have a negated form. The switch --negated can have one that does the opposite effect, called --no-negated. To describe this in the switch description string, place the alternative portion in brackets: --[no-]negated. If the first form is encountered, true will be passed to the block, and false will be blocked if the second form is encountered. options[:neg] falseopts.on( -n, --[no-]negated, Negated forms ) do|n|options[:neg] nend