The Medical Model Of Psychopathology - 962 Words

According to Joseph in Psychopathology and Therapeutic Approaches 2001 it was a common view of mental illness in Enlightenment Europe, until the locks to better understanding of mental illness were broken free by the knowledge and clearer understanding of French doctor Philippe Pinell (1745-1826), who mentored Jean-Etienne dominique Esquirol (1772-1840), who was able to â€Å"formally distinguished between the insane, the mentally deficient, and the criminal† (Joseph 1997). According to the medical model, the causes of mental illness may be biological in nature, or they might be psychosocial in nature. All that matters is that they can be known through the methods of empirical science. The medical model holds that mental illness can be treated and prevented by methods derived from scientific research. These kinds of analogies between physical and mental illness form the backbone of the medical model of psychopathology. It has not proved easy to define psychopathology in the abstract. By analogy with the concept of pathology in medicine, psychopathology may be defined as abnormalities in mental structures, processes, and states that give rise to abnormal, deviant behavior (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Psychopathology is by definition the study of the mental disorders. This can be done through observations of an individual, watching their behaviors or engaging with them. Psychopathology has to do with the mental health of a person or t he mental status andShow MoreRelatedStrengths Based Social Work Assessment : Transforming The Dominant Paradigm1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Dominant Paradigm Name Institution Strengths-Based Social Work Assessment: Transforming the Dominant Paradigm Today, the modern medical model worldview bases its functions on the concept of deficit-based and disease process as a means of understanding human behavior, as advanced by the DSM and psychopathology. However, the medical society fails to recognize the impact of this worldview on an individual’s view about all human behavior, and human inability to designate behaviorRead MoreA Study By Lechtenberg Et Al864 Words   |  4 Pagesimplications of finding are two-fold: women would be more inclined than men to seek medical help, and there is a significant opportunity for more research to be done on this matter. Understanding why women experience greater somatization of psychological symptoms than men, in this matter, could allow for a greater understanding of the gendered manifestation of psychopathologies and perhaps insight into other medical issues (gendered or not). Discussion A consideration as to why these gender/sex differencesRead MoreMedical Model to Treat Psychological Disorders809 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Model To Treat Psychological Disorders Abnormal Psychology The medical model of abnormal psychology treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e. there is thought to be a physical cause. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into a ‘syndrome’ the true cause can eventually be discovered andRead MoreStudents Have Lives Just Like Everyone Else807 Words   |  4 PagesStudents have lives just like everyone else. The articles and book express how many factors play a role in child psychopathology. Students lives are a maze of multiple factors that often make it risky to diagnose them with any disorders or to come to a conclusion as to what issues they may be having. In the past this may have been over looked because scientists were not looking at children to have disorders. Recently scientists have discovered a lot goes into diagnosing children because they areRead More2. Grantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s conceptual model gives us an idea of how stressors, such as major life events, daily1000 Words   |  4 Pages2. Grant’s conceptual model gives us an idea of how stressors, such as major life events, daily hassles, and chronic life events affect our thought process and psychopathology of any situation (Grant, 2003). Stress is the hormonal response of the body and stressors are the factors that causes the stress (Hammer, Lecture). Stressors of a major event would be being a witness of a natural disaster event such as hurricane Katrina, daily hassles would be being late for work or deadline for an assignmentRead MoreAbnormal Psychology1154 Words   |  5 PagesAbnormal Psychology: The field of abnormal psychology is a scientific discipline that focuses on examining the causes of mental dysfunction or abnormal behavior. Some of the major areas of study in this field include emotional disturbance, psychopathology, mental illness, and maladjustment. This scientific discipline examines abnormal behavior since such actions are expressed due to psychological dysfunction that contains some features of deviance, potential injury, and distress. As various typesRead MoreCase Study of Wage and Salary Administration1285 Words   |  6 Pages Psychopathology I. Important Concepts II. Categories III. Incidence IV. Models to Explain Important Concepts Psychopathology Defined Medical Student’s Syndrome Abnormality Normality Classification Psychopathology Defined Means sickness of the mind. There are many synonyms: Emotional Disorder Craziness Lunacy Mental Illness Mental Deviation Nervous Disease Mental Abnormality Psychiatric Illness Psychopathology Etc. Medical Student’s Syndrome Medical student’sRead MoreEgo Resilience As A Protective Factor1242 Words   |  5 PagesEgo-Resilience as a Protective Factor Between Childhood Trauma Psychopathology Jace Pincock University of Utah Introduction Clinical research reveals that psychological trauma during childhood increases the likelihood of developing psychological or functional disorders in adulthood. However, a significant percentages of adults with a history of trauma remain psychologically healthy. These individuals have been described as resilient. Resilience is the ability of human beings toRead MoreAccording To Erchul Martens (2012), The Earliest Consultation1202 Words   |  5 Pagesmental health consultation continues while Caplan was at Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School where he and his associates continues to refined consultation for different consultees. According to Erchul Martens (2012), in 1960 Thomas Szasz conceptualized and challenges the assumptions of tradition treatment of psychological treatment which was strongly aligned with the medical model. Szasz argued that it vital to examine behavior as normal or abnormal within the situational, socialRead MorePsychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior1827 Words   |  8 PagesPsychopathology and Abnormal Behavior Introduction The developments of psychopathology and abnormal behavior sciences have achieved significant progress. However, key issues that seek to determine various causes and presentations of psychopathology continue to emerge. Notably, the identification of a better model or perspective that explains psychopathology better than other models continue to elicit varied debates. The prevalence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior is explained by the psychodynamic

How to Show Empathy - 1003 Words

How to Show Empathy: 7 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow http://www.wikihow.com/Show-Empathy How to Show Empathy You are talking to someone, and suddenly he/she tells you something emotional, such as I just lost my job. How do you respond? Respond with empathy, and you will greatly improve your relationship with the other person. But respond as if you do not really care, you could ruin the relationship. Empathy, literally in feeling, is the capability to appreciate, understand, and accept another person s emotions.[1] Showing empathy genuinely is one of the most important interpersonal skills that anyone must master. Steps 1 Listen attentively to what the other person is saying. This will allow you to absorb what†¦show more content†¦Validating others emotions helps to convey acceptance and respect for their emotional experiences. For effective nonverbal communications, appropriate body posture, body movements, caring facial expression, and a gentle, comforting tone are very important. Touch is also very powerful if used appropriately. Being really empathic is simply imagining how you would feel if you were in the other person s place. If you can really picture it, your reactions should come naturally Offering personal support goes beyond words to convey willingness to help. Engaging the other person in a partnership promotes a sense of collaboration, so that the other person can feel part of the solution and that you can be there to help. Make sure you practice this as much as possible to really get it down. This should eventually become second-nature. Reï ¬â€šecting upon what others just said helps to encourage them to talk more about their feelings. Ad FTI Strategic Consulting www.fticonsulting-asia.com Corporate Reputation Planning Contact FTI Consulting Today. Warnings Make sure you show empathy genuinely. The other person can see through insincerity and your relationship thereof would come to an end. Do not tell the person what he or she should have done or should do. Often he or she already knows this. Avoid why questions. Sometimes this comes across as accusatory. Don t be discouraged if you don t do it right the ï ¬ rst few times. Like anything else,Show MoreRelatedThe Development Of Empathy And How Children Show Their Feelings Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesThis literature review focuses on the development of empathy in early childhood, and how children show their feelings in everyday activity. How do you measure empathy? Which methods do you use to observe and measure empathy? What is the best way to improve empathetic and prosocial behavior in young children? These are a few of the questions I had going into this review. We know that teaching empathy is important, because teaching children to care is something that impacts their actions towards othersRead MoreSympathy Of A Mockingbird By Harper Lee926 Words   |  4 Pagespain and they are looking for anything to help them, What do you do? How do you comfort them? You can simply tell them that you understand their predicament, if you have gone through something similar, and that you truly feel for them because you know what it is like to have those feelings. This und erstanding of how someone feels is empathy which among other things is the main idea in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Empathy is shown greatly in To kill a Mockingbird whether it be a person feelingRead MoreTheme Of Empathy In The Grapes Of Wrath1096 Words   |  5 Pageseverything had ended in a large thud. The thought of calling the police or doing nothing swirls through the thoughts of all that could hear the commotion. The idea of helping others in their time of need is caused by the empathy people feel about the situation and will determine if police will show up or not. In the novel The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, the same ideas circulate through characters littered throughout the book. The dustbowl is in full effect with thousands of people kicked off theirRead MoreCorrelation Between Secondary And Secondary Students On Empathy, And Was Conducted By Applying Levenson s Srps And Tom1437 Words   |  6 Pagesprimary and secondary psychopaths had deficiencies i n empathy, and was conducted by applying Levenson’s SRPS and ToM test to a non-institutionalized group. Studies show that psychopathic individuals have no deficiency with empathy, and support the first hypothesis of a negative correlation between primary psychopathy and empathy. The study doesn’t support the second hypothesis of a negative correlation between secondary psychopathy and empathy, with no evidence to support this. Read MoreTechnology Has A Negative Impact On Relationship1621 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology has a negative impact on relationship is that it reduces the of empathy by limiting contact through the five senses. When we use technology to interact with one another, we are not fully using our five sense. According to Wagner, she says â€Å"when we meet human beings, our primary senses provided us with myriad points of information about each other†¦we tap into each other’s emotional states, and the resonance creates empathy between us† (Wagner). This illustrates that even when we’re in a relationshipRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1248 Words   |  5 PagesLucas Sschodowski Mrs. Ramin English 8, 6th Hour 28 February 2016 To Feel Feelings Realistic Fiction authors tend to use techniques in their novels to prove a point or show a goal. Techniques are very helpful in writing rRealistic fFiction novels because it helps the reader understand what the author is trying to convey. In this novel with the title To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee used that to her own advantage;, the techniques in this book were very clear to the eye and it helped the reader moreRead MoreRelationship Between Secondary And Secondary Psychopathy1557 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Is the Relationship Between Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Related to Cognitive Empathy Rebecca Donald 300339504 Tutors name: Tim Granley Wednesday 11-12.50, EA404B Is the Relationship Between Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Related to Cognitive Empathy Throughout our study we investigated the relationship between secondary and primary psychopathy and cognitive empathy. Psychopathy is a mental disorder which can cause an individual to have behavior seen not normalRead MoreAn Examination Of Ender s Game1666 Words   |  7 Pagesexamination of Ender’s Game, in comparison to other young adult novels, shows the values of courage, empathy, forgiveness, and community through the character development and the messages the authors want to convey to their readers. The value of courage in the face of adversity is shown in Ender’s Game and To Kill a Mockingbird. The definition of courage is the ability to do something that frightens one. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus shows courage when he is against the mob who is trying to hang TomRead MoreA Few Definitions Are Necessary To Understand While Learning1668 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional intelligence and empathy. Emotional Intelligence as defined by Peter Salovey and John Mayer â€Å"is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth† (Goleman). There are five components of emotional intelligence, as stated by Goleman: self-awareness, self-regulation, internal motivation, empathy, and social skills. Self-Read MoreMedia Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth in the amount of studies performed design ed to at looking at the potentially harmful effects of the consumption of violent media and the impact it has on psychological factors. Two psychological factors that have been researched are empathy and aggression and how violent media influences these two emotions. Theories that have tried explaining the pathway from the viewing of violence in media and the impact on aggression have generally focused on the role of violent media being used by consumers

Comparing The Opening Scenes of the Two Romeo and Juliet...

Comparing The Opening Scenes of the Two Romeo and Juliet Films In this essay I will be comparing two Romeo and Juliet films done by different directors at different times. The first film I will be comparing was directed by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968, which is considered the older version and the other film I will be comparing was directed by Baz Luhrmann in 1996 and this is considered the more recent version of Romeo and Juliet. For each film I will be comparing the opening prologue and opening scene, which lasts about 10 minutes, and both films differ in the way the scenes are set out and shown to the audience. In the more recent film of Romeo and Juliet the prologue is presented in many†¦show more content†¦The music in the background is very churchlike/ religious music to begin with, which then changes to a very fast almost blurred music to signify how fast this has all happened and that the two families mean business. There are also clippings of the city of Verona, where the play is set. There are two big sky scrapers one with Capulet and one with Montague written on the top there is also a church between the two symbolising that the church is trying to bring the two families together to become friends rather than enemies. In the older film of Romeo and Juliet the prologue is set out in a much simpler way when compared to the other film as there is only one male voiceover which is done very slowly and mournfully which gives a very depressing start to the film. During the voiceover the camera is panning across the town, where there is a small market and a few houses. We can also see from the panning that it is early morning and there is a picture of the Sun rising which is significant throughout the play as the characters say that tempers frae in the heat. Throughout the prologue there is also some very courtly/ medieval music to set the scene for the era it is in. In the more recent version of Romeo and Juliet the fight between the two households in the opening scene is shown in a very drastic aggressiveShow MoreRelated William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Although the story of Romeo and Juliet is over 500 years old, it is as relevant and appealing today as it was when first performed. Although dated, the story of Romeo and Juliet still holds great appeal and relevance to today’s society, despite the differences in morals and values between William Shakespeare’s audience 500 years ago, and Baz Luhrmann’s audience today. The arising issues of order and authority, fate and love entertain/ed and appeals/edRead More Comparing Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story Essay example932 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story In this piece of coursework I will be analysing the technical aspects of the opening scenes in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story. I will be talking about the body language, costumes, colour schemes, the sounds, music and camera angles used in each of the films. Both these films are about two lovers who fall in love despite being in rival gangs or families, which eventually leads to both lovers from bothRead MoreThe Opening Scene to Baz Lurhmans Romeo and Juliet Essay465 Words   |  2 PagesThe Opening Scene to Baz Lurhmans Romeo and Juliet The play Romeo and Juliet is set in the Italian city of Verona, it is about a blood feud between two families called the Montagues and the capulets. Two people from the Montagues and Capulets fall in love and only when they die will the fighting between the two families come to an end. The opening scene to Romeo and Juliet is set in a public place in Verona it starts with two servants of the Capulet family armedRead MoreComparing the Openings of the Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann775 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Openings of the Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann Both openings of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ by Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann show similarities and contrasts. Although both versions are faithful to the text as the words spoken by the voiceover in the Prologue are the same, the methods of presentation are clearly different. Zeffirelli places the film in the 17th century and takes a more traditional approach. By using a whiteRead MoreComparing the Starts of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet1744 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Starts of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a timeless, classical love story written by the unmatched author, William Shakespeare. Many of Shakespeare’s works are considered literary classics, but none are more loved, well known than Romeo and Juliet. This play masterfully tells the love story of two teenagers in Verona, Italy. The title characters, Romeo and Juliet, are members of two feuding families. Romeo is a MontagueRead MoreShow How the Masked Ball Scene in Act 1 Scene 5 of ‘Romeo and Juliet Is Such a Dramatic and Important Scene with Shakespeares Audiences. You Should Refer to Words in the Text but You May Also Include References to Filmed Versions You Have Watch...1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe audience know that Romeo and Juliet will meet and fall in love even though they are from feuding families. This allows dramatic irony throughout the play. For example: ‘A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. (Narrator, prologue, line 6) This means that they meet by chance and that they will die together. After they meet at the ball they do not know who oneanother is and after enquiring they find they are from the rival families. After Juliet finds out Romeo is a Montague she says toRead MoreEssay on Comparing Opening Sequences of Romeo and Juliet1626 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Opening Sequences of Romeo and Juliet In my essay I am going to compare the opening scenes the two versions of Romeo Juliet. One is by Franco Zeffirelli, which was made in the late 1970’s. The other one is by Baz Luhrmann and was made in 1996. The Zeffirelli version stars Leonardo Whiting as Romeo and Olivia Hussey as Juliet. This version was more authentic and traditional. It was filmed more in a way Shakespeare would have illusory it. It was set in ItalyRead MoreViolence and Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1647 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a large tragic play, which is about two feuding families the Montagues and the Capulets of Verona. Although it is a play about love, there are many scenes that contain violence and conflict. The play opens with a conflict between the Capulet and Montague households who become involved in arguments in a public place in Verona, they lose their tempers and swords are drawn. The play ends with two innocent people dieingRead MoreComparing The Opening Shots in Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirellis Versions of Romeo and Juliet1551 Words   |  7 PagesComparing The Opening Shots in Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirellis Versions of Romeo and Juliet This essay will compare two versions of Romeo and Juliet directed by Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirelli. In order for me to comment on both versions of Romeo and Juliet I will compare the opening shots, the way the main characters are introduced and the types of music and costumes used in each version. Baz Luhrmanns film takes place in contemporary America. The latest Read MoreHatred Between Montagues and Capulets in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1891 Words   |  8 PagesHatred Between Montagues and Capulets in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Task To analyse how Franco Zefferelli and Baz Lurhmann show the hatred between the Montagues and Capulet, which is so strong in the opening sequence of their film version of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Introduction ============ Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is a love story and a tragedy - one of his best known

Nursing Case Study Accute Heart failure

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Case Study for Accute Heart failure. Answer: Explain the pathogenesis causing the clinical manifestations with which Mrs. Brown Presented. The heart failure mostly occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently the blood in the body to meet its needs. Mrs. Brown was diagnosed with an acute heart failure. The acute heart failure constitutes a clinical syndrome known as heterogeneous, in which the pathophysiology is very complex and it is not completely understood. Nonetheless, based on the diversities of the clinical presentations, there are various types of the pathophysiological mechanisms along with some factors that trigger the circulatory decompensation to be involved. Therefore, acute heart failure can be defined as the heterogeneous syndrome of the various signs and the symptoms, which exhibit on the onset rapidly and then worsen the heart failure, which may entail an urgent therapy. (Valente, Voors, Damman, Veldhuisen, Massie, Connor Davison, 2014) The acute heart failure often develops in either days or hours that can be life threatening. During the heart failure, there is a drastic drop in the cardiac ou tput. On the case of Mrs. Brown, her case was an exacerbation of a chronic disease. Various conditions that have led to the chronic heart failure include the high blood pressure, inherited heart defects and coronary disease or the inflamed heart. It is important to note that the heart failure and the cardiovascular disease in general can be genetic. Sometimes one of the chronic conditions can lead to an event of acute. (Valente, Voors, Damman, Veldhuisen, Massie, Connor Davison, 2014) The major causes that may associated with the acute failure are a blood clot in the lungs, an infection; there are severe irregular heartbeats, an allergic reaction and an infection. There are also aspect of the risk factors that can lead to the heart failure and a combination of these factors can increase the heart failure. These are a high blood pressure, having an irregular heartbeat, the sleep apnea which the problem breathing while sleeping. Some of these problem were exhibited by Mrs. Brown like she had arbor normal heart beat, severe dyspnea and her pulse rate was high. (Deedwania, 2012) The pathogenesis causing Mrs. Brown manifestation was systolic failure in which there was a dysfunction on the left ventricle. This was mainly caused by any of the multiple disorders that may damage on the left ventricle on its contractile functions. Some factors that may have caused this condition were insufficient ejection fraction, there was reduced cardiac output on the patient, and there was reduced blood pressure and a fluid retention on the patient. (Valente, Voors, Damman, Veldhuisen, Massie, Connor Davison, 2014) On the reduced cardiac output, the body is not able to compensate for blood that is pumped for the needs of the body. The cardiac output is caused by the inability of the heart to generating enough output, which may lead to the reduced flow of the blood to the brain, and some of the other vital organs. The symptoms may include fatigue, and the low urine output. She also exhibited dyspnea where she had exertional breathlessness where there is an increased pressure on the left ventricle, which may be due to the nocturnal fluid that has been redistributed and enhanced on the renal reabsorption. Explain two high priority-nursing strategies to manage on Mrs. Brown case and provide evidence based rationale for the strategies. One of the strategies the nurse could employ would be an ongoing monitoring and management of the patient. The management of the acute breathlessness can be carried out simultaneously with the diagnosis. When the diagnosis of the acute heart failure are made there should be administering of the diuretic in order to relieve dysponea. Moreover, the dose that is administered should be low to reduce on the fluid congestion and thus balance on the positive action to any of the potential negative effect on the functions of renal. (Gardner, McDonagh Walker, 2007) There is need for the close monitoring of the renal functions, the output of the urine and the balance of the fluid. The ongoing monitoring of the response to the treatment and the cardiopulmonary status is important by the nurses in order to close monitor on the key parameters of haemodynamic. This would help the patient in that there is no under treatment or prevent the underlying condition do not deteriorate further. A warning score that is allocated to the vital signs is outside the pre-agreed ranges. These point are then summed together to provide a single composite score. If the score increases it would identify the patients that would benefit from escalation of the monitoring or even treatment. (Deedwania, 2012) Nonetheless, the escalation and the alterations in the management are made in accordance with the score. The use of the close monitoring strategy entail provision of a care environment where the nurses have adequate time and provide the expertise to be able to identify and respond to any changes that are exhibited on the physiological data. There is recognition between the adaptation between the competences of the nurses and the quality of the care they have provided. Therefore Mrs. Brown would receive an in patient care on the specialized cardiology ward and she would be cared by a nursing staff that have specific expertise in the management of the needs care. Moreover, the nurse would identi fy on the exact model to adapt on her conditions Patient Education strategy The hospital is also an ideal time for provide education in regards to the heart failure the monitoring and the management. In some hospitals on admission are preventable if the heart failure worsening is detected early enough. Some patients families wish to get involved in the self-care in order to monitor on their conditions. There should be introduction of these concepts during the stay in the hospital of the patients. In most of the case there can be a mismatch that exists between ta patients understanding on their management of the heart failure and the information, which is often provided by a health professional. In a survey done it showed that the patients only recalled approximately 45% of advice given on self-care. The study also elaborated that the adherence to the medication was majorly associated with the beliefs of the patient on their medication. (Deedwania, 2012)The ability of the patient to learn and be able to retain the information may be reduced while at the hospi tal due to the high levels of anxieties and the cognitive dysfunction. It is important for the nurses to use the admission of the hospital to provide the patient with the verbal information, which is supported by material that are written. The nurse on the case of Mrs. Brown can use teach back technique where they may ask her to repeat using their own words the information they have provided them. This help to confirm on their understanding and helps the nurse to reparse the information they have not understood. The time spent between the nurse and the patient provide benefits in regards to knowledge retention rate and may be much useful when interacting with individuals who have low education level or the health literacy. 3 a). Effects of IV furosemide and glyceryl trinitrate drugs in relation to the underlying pathogenesis The glyceryl trinitrate drug provides a rapid and a steady therapeutic concentration of the nitrates during the continuous infusion. This drug caused the venodilation when given in low doses, but when given on high doses it dilates both the arteries and the veins. The hemodynamic effect of the drug is to decrease the blood pressure in the preload- this is on the left ventricle when it is filling the pressure. It also determines afterload and decreases the oxygen demand in the myocardial. The IV furosemide drug is an anthranillic acid derivate that is often used as a diuretic. The drug is used to treat the excessive accumulation of the fluid, which may be caused by congestive heart failure. The drug is used to control the hypertension and some of the side effect of the drug are thirst, urination. The dosage is essentially determined by the physician depends to how much fluid is there are how fast it should be removed. These two drugs were used on Mrs. Brown because she had acute heart failure. b) Discuss how to monitor for the respond of the adverse effects of these drugs The physician carefully determines the level of the administration of these drugs. The doctors use the therapeutic monitoring method, which they use to check the effectiveness of the drugs taken the individuals with the heart failure. (Gardner, McDonagh Walker, 2007) Monitoring entails looking at the side effects on the drug like severe vomiting, dizziness, the blood pressure level. The doctors are able to keep the record of the patients in regards to the drugs the patients is taking the side effects and if the medication is working effectively. They also need to get the right balance of the drug and control the side effect of the drug and if they are severe change the medication. C) How to evaluate on the therapeutic effect of the drugs The best diagnostic evaluation of the side effects is to carry a complete history of the symptoms that are exhibited. (Gardner, McDonagh Walker, 2007) It is important for a physician to know when they started, how long they have lasted, how severe they have become and whether the patient had them as before. Moreover, the doctor should ask about the history of the patient on the family member history. The treatment outcome of the side effects depends on the evaluation that is done. The therapeutic doses of these drugs will tend to reduce the systolic, diastolic and arteries pressure. The concentration of these drugs should not be mixed to the other drugs. References Deedwania, P. C. (2012). Heart failure. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Gardner, R. S., McDonagh, T. A., Walker, N. L. (2007). Heart failure. Oxford: Oxford University Press McMurray, J. J., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Bhm, M., Dickstein, K., ... Jaarsma, T. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. European journal of heart failure, 14(8), 803-869. Nieminen, M. S., Bhm, M., Cowie, M. R., Drexler, H., Filippatos, G. S., Jondeau, G., ... Rhodes, A. (2005). Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure. European heart journal, 26(4), 384-416. Selby, V. N., Teerlink, J. R. (2013). Whats new in the treatment of acute heart failure?. Current cardiology reports, 15(9), 1-9. Valente, M. A., Voors, A. A., Damman, K., Van Veldhuisen, D. J., Massie, B. M., O'Connor, C. M., ... Davison, B. (2014). Diuretic response in acute heart failure: clinical characteristics and prognostic significance. European heart journal, 35(19), 1284- 1293.